فهرست:
عنوان مطالب صفحه
چکیده 1
فصل اول(کلیات) 2
1-1 مقدمه 3
1-1- تاریخچه............................................................................................................................................................................6
1-2- مشخصات گیاه شناسی سیب ..........................................................................................................................................7
1-3- ارزش غذایی ...................................................................................................................................................................8
1-4- شرایط آب و هوایی ........................................................................................................................................................9
1-5- شرایط خاک ..................................................................................................................................................................10
1-6- تکثیر ..............................................................................................................................................................................10
1-6-1- ازدیاد جنسی .............................................................................................................................................................10
1-6-2- پایه های غیر بذری ...................................................................................................................................................10
1-7- روش های کوتاه کردن پایه ها ......................................................................................................................................11
1-7-1- پیوند واسطه .............................................................................................................................................................11
1-7-2- تعویض قسمتی از پوست ........................................................................................................................................11
1-8- تربیت درختان پا کوتاه ..................................................................................................................................................11
1-9- پایه های سیب ..............................................................................................................................................................12
1-10- واریته های مختلف سیب ...........................................................................................................................................14
1-10-1- واریته های سیب ایرانی .........................................................................................................................................14
1-10-2- واریته های سیب خارجی ......................................................................................................................................14
1-11- آفات و بیماری های سیب .........................................................................................................................................15
1-12- کشت بافت گیاهی .....................................................................................................................................................16
1-13- کاربرد کشت بافت گیاهی ..........................................................................................................................................17
1-14- بیان مسئله (منظور تحقیق) .........................................................................................................................................17
1-15- ضرورت انجام این تحقیق ..........................................................................................................................................18
1-16- اهداف عمده ی این تحقیق ........................................................................................................................................18
1-17- فرضیه های تحقیق .....................................................................................................................................................18
1-18- پرسش اصلی تحقیق ...................................................................................................................................................19
فصل دوم بررسی منابع ..........................................................................................................................................................20
2-1- ریز ازدیادی ...................................................................................................................................................................21
2-2- ریزازدیادی درختان میوه ................................................................................................................................................21
2-3- زمان تهیه ریز نمونه ها ............... ..................................................................................................................................22
2-4- ضدعفونی سطحی ریزنمونه ....... ..................................................................................................................................22
2-5- مواد ضد عفونی کننده سطحی .................................................... .................................................................................23
2-6- قهوه ای شدن بافت های گیاهی .................................................. .................................................................................26
2-7- استقرار ریزنمونه ها ............ ..........................................................................................................................................28
2-8- شاخه زایی ............... ....................................................................................................................................................29
2-9- ریشه زایی .....................................................................................................................................................................35
2-10- سازگاری .....................................................................................................................................................................37
فصل سوم مواد و روشها ............................. .........................................................................................................................39
3-1- محل انجام آزمایش .......................... ............................................................................................................................40
3-2- مواد گیاهی .............................. ....................................................................................................................................40
3-3- ضد عفونی ریز نمونه ها ............. .................................................................................................................................41
3-4- محیط های کشت ..................... ...................................................................................................................................42
3-5- تهیه محیط کشتQL ............... ...................................................................................................................................43
3-6- مرحله استقرار ..................... .........................................................................................................................................46
3-6-1- کاربرد 4 محیط کشت پایه به صورت کامل و 2/1 برای بدست آوردن بهترین محیط کشت پایه در مرحله استقرار......................................................................................................................................................................................46
3-6-2- کاربرد غلظت های مختلف بنزیل آمینو پورین در ترکیب با ایندول بوتیریک اسید در مرحله استقرار.. ...................46
3-7- مرحله پرآوری ................ .............................................................................................................................................47
3-7-1- اثر 3 نوع محیط پایه مختلف QL, MS, WPM بر شاخه زایی دو رقم سیب زینتی و مربایی ...........................47
3-7-2- کاربرد غلظت های مختلف بنزیل آمینو پورین در ترکیب با ایندول بوتیریک اسید در مرحله شاخه زایی ..............47
3-7-3- کاربرد غلظت های مختلف زآتین در مرحله شاخه زایی دو رقم سیب بومی مربایی و زینتی .................................47
3-7-4- کاربرد غلظت های مختلف جیبرلیک اسید در مرحله شاخه زایی.............................................................................48
3-7-5- کاربرد 2 هیدرات کربن مختلف در مرحله شاخه زایی.............................................................................................48
3-8- مرحله ریشه زایی ............. ............................................................................................................................................49
3-8-1- کاربرد تنظیم کننده های رشد ایندول بوتیریک اسید و نفتالین استیک اسید بر ریشه زایی نوشاخه ها .....................49
3-8-2- مقایسه توان ریشه زایی ریزنمونه های با واکشت های مختلف بعد از مرحله اسقرار ..............................................49
3-9- انتقال و سازگاری ................. ........................................................................................................................................50
3-10- تجزیه آماری ..................... .........................................................................................................................................50
فصل چهارم نتایج ......................... ............................................................................ ............................................ .. .........51
4-1- مرحله استقرار ....................... .......................................................................................................................................52
4-1-1- بررسی اثر کاربرد 4 محیط کشت پایه به صورت کامل و 2/1 در مرحله استقرار .....................................................52
4-1-2- اثر کاربرد غلظت های مختلف بنزیل آمینو پورین در ترکیب با ایندول بوتیریک اسید در مرحله استقرار.................57
4-2- مرحله پرآوری ........... ..................................................................................................................................................63
4-2-1- اثر سه نوع محیط پایه (QL, MS, WPM) بر شاخهزایی دو رقم سیب زینتی و مربایی ......................................63
4-2-2- بررسی اثر تیمارهای هورمونی بنزیل آمینو پورین در ترکیب با ایندول بوتیریک اسید در مرحله شاخهزایی............68.
4-2-3- اثر کاربرد غلظت های مختلف زآتین در مرحله شاخه زایی .......... .........................................................................77
4-2-4- اثر کاربرد غلظت های مختلف جیبرلیک اسید در مرحله شاخه زایی .......................................................................79
4-2-5- اثر کاربرد دو منبع مختلف قند در محیط کشت در مرحله شاخهزایی........................................................................81
4-3- مرحله ریشهزایی ......................... .................................................................................................................................83
4-3-1- بررسی اثرغلظتهای مختلف IBA در ترکیب با NAA بر روی ریشهزایی ..........................................................83
4-3-2- مقایسه ریشهزایی ریزقلمههای حاصل از چند بار واکشت (ریزنمونه یکساله) و یک بار واکشت (ریزنمونه جدید)90
4-4- انتقال و سازگاری...........................................................................................................................................................93
فصل پنجم بحث .......... .........................................................................................................................................................96
5-1- مرحله استقرار ........ ......................................................................................................................................................97
5-2- مرحله پرآوری .......... .................................................................................................................................................100
5-3- مرحله ریشهزایی .......... ..............................................................................................................................................104
5-4- انتقال و سازگاری.........................................................................................................................................................106
نتیجه گیری ................. .........................................................................................................................................................108
پیشنهادات ................ ...........................................................................................................................................................108
منابع ................................ .....................................................................................................................................................109
منبع:
ایزد پناه، م. 1380. ازدیاد گیلاس وحشی (prunus avaium) از طریق کشت درون شیشه ای. مجله پژوهش و سازندگی. (3)14: 74-68.
باقری، ع.، زیارت نیا، م. و حسینی، م. 1383. کشت بافت درختان، ترجمه انتشارات دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد.
خواجه الدینی، م. 1380. بررسی ریز ازدیادی سیب، پایه MM106 (مالینگ مرتون 106) با استفاده از تکنیک های کشت بافت. پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد. دانشگاه آزاد واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران.
دانشورحسینی، ع. 1387. بررسی امکان ریزازدیادی و غربالگری ژنوتیپ های پاکوتاه محلب (Prunus mahaleb L.) بر مبنای سهولت تکثیر در شرایط In vitro. پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد. دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی. دانشگاه آزاد واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران.
دژم پور، ج. 1386. ارزیابی قابلیت ریزازدیادی و تحمل به شوری در چند پایه دورگه بین گونه ای جنس Prunus پایان نامه دکتری. دانشکده کشاورزی. دانشگاه تبریز.
ذوالفقار نسب، ر. 1382. بررسی مناسبترین روش ازدیاد دورگه زردآلو* گوجه در شرایط درون شیشهای، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه کشاورزی شیراز.
قویدل ماسوله، ع. 1382. ریزازدیادی پایه مالینگ 26 (M26) و گمی آلماسی به روش درون شیشه ای. پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد. دانشگاه آزاد واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران.
کمالی، ک. 1374. تعیین مناسب ترین محیط کشت و شرایط جهت ریزازدیادی پایه های رویشی GF677. پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد. دانشگاه تربیت مدرس تهران.
مهدویان م.، بوذری ن. و عبداللهی ح. 1389. اثر محیط کشت و تنظیم کنندههای رشد بر پرآوری و ریشهزایی پایه رویشی محلب (سنت لوسی 64). مجله بهنژادی نهال و بذر. 1- 26(1): 16-26.
میری س.م.، واعظ لیواری ب.، خلیقی ا. و قایم مقامی س.ع. 1382. کاهش اکسیداسیون فنلی و پرآوری درون شیشه ای شاخساره همگروه های سیب. مجله علوم و فنون باغبانی ایران، 4(3و4): 154-145.
Akbar MA, Karmakar BK, Roy SK (2003) Callus induction and high frequency plant regeneration of pine apple (Ananas comosus L. Mers.). Plant Tissue Culture 13: 109- 16.
Alvarez R, Nissen S, Stuur E G. 1989. Relationship of indole-3- butyric acid and adventitious rooting in M.26 apple (Malus pumila Mill.) shoots cultuted in vitro. J. Plant Growth Regul. 8(4): 263- 272.
Amiri E.M. Elahinia A, 2011. Optimization of medium composition for apple rootstocks. African Journal of Biotechnology 10(18): 3594-3601.
Amiri, M. E., 2006, Effect of mineral concentration on tissue-cultured walnut (Juglans regia var. Zeiabadi) growth. Acta Horticulture 705: 383–386.
Anderson W C, 1984. Microporopagation of filberts, Corylus avellono, Camb Proc Int Plant Prop Soc. 33: 132- 137.
Andreu, P. & Marìn, J.A. 2005. In vitroculture establishment and multiplication of the Prunus rootstock ‘Adesoto 101’ (P. insititia L.) as affected by the type of propagation of the donor plant and by the culture medium composition. Sci. Hortic. 106: 258–267.
Ansar A, Touqeer A, Nadeem A , Ishfaq A.H. 2009. Effect of different media and growth regulators on in vitroshoot proliferation of olive cultivar moraiolo. Pak. J. Bot., 41(2): 783-795,
Arello, E.F.; Pinto, J.E.P. (1993), Propagação in vitrode Kielmeyera coriacea I. Efeito das diversas concentrações combinadas de benzilaminopurina e ácido naftalenacético na multiplicação de brotos. Pesq. Agropec. Bras., Brasília, 28(1): 25-31.
Assessment of Genetic Stability of Micropropagated Plants Using RAPD Analysis. World Applied Sciences Journal 19 (5): 674-687. ISSN 1818-4952.
Augusto, C.S.S. (2001), Micropropagação de amoreirapreta cv. Brazos. Dissertação, Mestrado em ProduçãoVegetal, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil.
Bahmani R. Gholami M, Abdollahi H, Karami O. 2009. The effect of carbon source and concentration on in vitro shoot proliferation of MM.106 apple rootstock. Fruit Vegetable and Cereal and Biotechnology, 3 (1): 35-37.
Bairu MW, Jain N, Stirk WA, Dolezal K, Van Staden J (2009) Solving the problem of shoot-tip necrosis in Harpagophytum procumbens by changing the cytokinin types, calcium and boron concentrations in the medium. South African Journal of Botany 75: 122–27.
Barrueto Cid, L.P. (2000), Citocininas. In: Barrueto Cid, L.P. Introdução aos hormônios vegetais. Brasília: Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Pp. 55-81.
Block, R., and C. Lankes. 1996. Measures tp prevent tissue browning of explants of the apple rootstock M.9 In vitro stablishment. Gartenbauwissenschaft. 60: 11-17.
Bommineni1 V.R. Mathews H. Samuel S.B. Kramer M. and Wagner D.R. 2001. A New Method for Rapid In Vitro Propagation of Apple and Pear. Hortscience 36(6):1102–1106.
Butiuc-Keul A, Halmagyi A, Isac V, Craciunas C, Carpa R. 2010. Apple shoot multiplication and plantlets reaction to in vitro culture. Analele Universităţii din Oradea - Fascicula Biologie. XVII / 1, pp. 70-75.
Caboni E, Tonelli MG, Lauri P, Angeli SD, Damiano C (1999) In vitro shoot regeneration from leaves of wild pear. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 59: 1-7.
Canli FA, Tian L (2008) In vitro shoot regeneration from stored mature cotyledons of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars. Scientia Horticulture 116: 34-40.
Chaturvedi H C, Sharma P L K, Agha B Q & Sharma M. 2004. Production of cloned trees of populous deltoids through in vitro regeneration from leaf stern and root exp;ants and their field cultivation, Indian J Biotechnol, 3: 203-208.
Cheema G.S. and Sharma D. P. 1983. In vitro propagation of apple rootstock, Emla 25. Acta Hor, 131: 75- 88.
Ciccotti A. M, Bisognin C, Battocletti I, Salvadori A, Herdemertens M, Jarausch W.2008. Micropropagation of apple proliferation-resistant apomictic Malus sieboldiigenotypes. Agronomy Research 6(2): 445–458.
Coffin R, Taper CD, Chong C. 1976. Sorbitol and sucrose for callus culture of some species of the Rosaceae. Canadian Journal of Botany, 54: 547-551.
Coolet G F. 1988. Improvement to induce rooting of fruit trees in vitro. Acta Hort. 227: 318- 323.
Cosac AC, Frasin LB (2008) In vitro propagation of some pear cultivars. Acta Horticulturae 800: 447-52.
Das R, Hasan M. F, Rahman M. S, Rashid M. H. Rahman M. 2008. Study on in vitropropagation through multiple shoot proliferation in wood apple. (Aegle marmelosL.). Int. J. Sustain. Crop Prod. 3(6): 16-20.
De Klerk G J. Brugge J T, Kepple M, 1993. Successive phases during rooting of microcutting of Malus. Acta Hort. 336: 249- 253.
De Klerk G J. Brugge J T, Marinova g. 1997. Texicity of ethanol during proliferation and adventitious root formation in apple microcuttings in vitro. Bio Plant, 39 (1): 105- 112.
De Paoli G (1989) Micropropagation of pear cultivars. Informatore Agrario 43: 71-73.
Debnath, S. (2004), In vitro culture of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Alt.). Small Fruits Review, 3 (3): 393-408.
Dj. V. Ružić, T. I. Vujović. 2008. The effects of cytokinin types and their concentration onin vitro multiplication of sweet cherry cv. Lapins (Prunus aviumL.). Supported by the Ministry of Science of the Republic of Serbia, Project No. TR-6866.B. Hort. Sci. (Prague), 35, (1): 12–21.
Dorkovic, J. (2006). Rapid micropropagetion of mature wild cheery (Prunus avium L.). Biologia Plantarum. 50(4): 733- 736.
Draut, Ph. And R. Gruselle. 1986. Plum (prunus domestica) In: Y. P. S. Bajaj (ed). Biotechnology in Agriculture and Foresty, Vol. I:Trees I. Springer Varlag Berlin Heidelberg, Pp. 130-154.
Dwivedi SK, Bist LD (1999) In vitro propagation of low-chill pear cv. Gola. Indian Journal of Horticulture 56: 189-93.
Eccher, T.; Noé, N. (1989), Comparison between 2iP and zeatin the micropropagation of highbush blueberry (Vaccinum corymbosum ). Acta Hort., The Hague, 241: 185-190.
Edriss M. H., Baghdadi G.A., Abd El-Razek, A. M., Abdrabboh G. A. and Abdel-Aziz, H. F. 2014. Micropropagation of Some Peach Rootstocks. Nature and Science, 12(3): 106-114.
Elizete Beatriz Radmann, Valmor João Bianchi, José Carlos Fachinello, Letícia Vanni Ferreira and Roberto Pedroso de Oliveira. 2011. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. v.54 n. 1: pp. 25-34, Jan/Feb.
Erbenova, M., Paprstrin, F. and Seldak, J. (2001). In vitro propagation of dwarf rootstocks for sweet cherry. Acta Horticulture. 560: 477- 480.
Fan KH, Jiang ZT (1993) Studies on callus induction and plantlet regeneration from apple cotyledon. Journal of Shanghai Agricultural College 11: 243-48.
Gonzales, M.V.; Lopez, M.; Valdes, A.E.; Ordas, R.J. (2000), Microprogation of three berry fruits species using nodal segments from field-growth plants. Ann. of appl. biol., Cambridge, 137: 73-76.
Grattapaglia, D.; Machado, M.A. (1998), Micropropagação. In-Cultura de tecidos e transformação genética de plantas , ed. In: Torres, A.C.; Caldas, L.S.; Buso, J.A. EmbrapaSPI/Embrapa-CNPH, Brasília, Pp.183-260.
Gross D. and Partiner B. (1994) Novel natural substances acting in plant growth regulation. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 13(2): 93-114.
Gurel, S. and Y. Gulsen. 1998a. The effect of IBA and BAP on In vitro shoot production of almond (Amygdalus comminus L.). Tr. J. of Botany, 22: 375- 37.
Hansen, C. J. and Hartmann, H.T. (1968). The use of indol butyric acid and captan in the propagation of clonal peach and almond hybrid rootstocks by hard wood cutting. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort.Sci. 92: 135-144.
Hassanen. S. A. and Gabr M. F. (2012). In vitro propagation of Pear Pyrus betulaefolia rootstock. American -Eurasian. J. Agric. & Environ Sci. (4).484-489.
Hemaid I.A. 2012. Soliman. In vitroPropagation of Apricot (Prunus armeniacaL.) and
Hossain, S. N., M. R. Munshi. M. R. Islam, L. Hakim and M. Hpssain. (2003). In vitro propagation of plum (Zyziphus Jujubalam). Plant Tissue Culture, 13(1): 81-84.
Hu CY, Wang P J (1983) Meristem, shoot tip and bud culture. In: D A Evans, W R Sharp, P V Ammirato and Y Yamada (eds.) Handbook of Plant cell culture vol I. MacMillan, New York. Pp. 177-227
Hutchinson J F. 1984. Factors affecting shoot proliferation and root initiation in organ cultures of the apple Northern Spy, Sci, Hort, 22: 347- 358.
James D J, and Thurbon I J. 1979. Rapid in vitro rooting of the apple rootstock M9. J. Hort. Sci, 54 (4): 309- 311.
James D J, and Thurbon I J. 1981. Shoot and root initiation in vitro in the apple rootstock M.9 and the promotive effects of phloroglucinol. J. Hort. Sci, 56 (1): 15- 20.
Kadota M, Imizu K, Hirano T (2001) Duble-phase in vitro culture using sorbitol increases shoot proliferation and reduces hyperhydricity in Japanese pear. Scientia Horticulture 89: 207-15.
Karimpour S, Davarynejad GH, Bagheri A, Tehranifar A (2013) In vitro establishment and clonal propagation of Sebri pear cultivar. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Technology. 15: 1209-17.
Kataoka I & Inove H, 1993. Microporopagation of Java apple (Eugenia javanica Lam.) Jpn J Trop Agric, 37: 209- 213.
Keresa S, Mihovilovic bosnjak A, Habus jercic I, Baric M, Sarcevic H, Bisko A. 2012. Efficient Axillary Shoot Proliferation and in Vitro Rooting of Apple cv. ‘Topaz. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca. 40(1): 113-118.
Koubouris, G. & M. Vasilakakis. 2006. Improvement of In vitro propagation of apricot cultivar Bebecou. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 85: 173- 180.
Kozai, T., Kubota, Ch. And Jeona, B.R. (1997). Enviromental control for the large-scale production of plants through in vitro techniques. Plant Cell, tissue and Organ Culture. 51: 49- 56.
Lamrioui .A, Louerguioui. A, Bonaly. J, YakoubBougdal. S, Allili N and Gana-Kebbouche. S (2011). Proliferation and rooting of wild cherry: The influence of cytokinin and auxin types and their concentration. African Journal of Biotechnology 10(43): 8613-8624.
Lane W D, and McDogald J M. 1982. Shoot tissue culture of apple: comparative response of five cultivars to cytokinin and auxin. Can. J. Plant, Sci, 62: 689- 694.
Lane W.D, 1992. Micropropagation of apple (Malus domestica Barkh). pp. 229–243. In Bajaj, Y.P.S. (ed.).Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, vol 18. High- Tech and Micropropagation II. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York.
Lane, W. D., Looney, N.E. and Mage, F. (1982). A selective tissue culture medium for growth of compact (dwarf) mutants of apple. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 61(3): 219- 223.
Leite GB, Finardi NL, Fortes GRL (1997) The effect of BAP and NAA concentration on multiplication “in vitro” of pears cv, Bartlett and clone OH × F 97. Ciencia-e-Agrotecnologia 21: 436-41.
Mamaghani AB, Ghorbanli M, Assareh, MH, Ghamari ZA (2010) In vitro propagation of three Damask Roses accessions. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology 1: 85-94.
Miri S M, Livari B V. Khalighi-Maghami S A G.2003. Effect of carbohydrate, gibberellic asid, indole butyric acid, phloroglucinol, explants orientation and culture vessels volume on optimizing in vitro propagation of M.9 apple rootstock, Pajouhesh va Sazandegi, Agron Hortic, 59: 31- 37.
Moncousin C, Ribaux M, O Rouke J, Gavillet S. 1992. Effect of type of carbohydrate during proliferation and rooting of microcuttings of Malus JORK 9. Agronomie. 12(10): 775- 781.
Neculae L. Popescu, S. Isac, V. 1991. Aspects concerning the in vitro multiplication of some apple cultivars. pp. 82-83. In Proceedings of the IV-th National Symposium on In Vitro Plant Cell and Tissue Culture.
Osterc, G., Luthar, Z. and Stampar, F (2004). The importance of the sterilization procedure for producting vigorous cherry plant (Pruns sp.) In vitro. Acta Horticulture Slovencia. 84:45-51.
Parfitt, D. E. and Almehdi, A. A. (1994). Use of high CO2 atmosphere and medium modification for the successful micropropagation of pistachio. Can. J. Bot. 50: 199- 204.
Parfitt, D.E.; Almedhi, A.A. (1986), In vitro propagation of peach: II. A medium for in vitro multiplication of 56 peach cultivars. Fruit Variet. Jour ., Urbana-IL, 40(2): 46-47.
Pasqual M & Ishida J S, 1994. Effect of growth regulators on in vitro proliferation of shoots in the apple rootstock M.I. 793, Rev Ceres, 39: 384- 390.
Peer FA, Rather ZA, Dar KR, Mir MA, Hussain G (2013) Studies of in vitro propagation of sweet cherry cv. Bigarreau Noir Grossa. Indian Journal of Horticulture 70: 317-22.
Perez- Tornero, O. and L. Burgos. 2000. Different media requirement for micropropagation of apricot cultivars. Plant Cell Tissus and Organ Culture, 63: 133- 141.
Poessel JL, Martinez J, Mac Heix JJ, Jonard R (1980) Variations saisonnières de l’aptitude au greffage in vitro d’apex de pêcher (Prunus persica Batchs). Relations avec les teneurs en composés phénoliques et les activités péroxydasiques et polyphénoloxydasiques. Physiologie Végétale 18: 665-75.
Popowich, E.A.; Filipenya, V.L. (1997), Effect exogenous cytokinin on variability of Vaccinum corymbosum explants in vitro. Journal of Plant Physiology, New York, 1: 90-93.
Quorin, M., Lepoivre, P. & Boxus, P. 1977a. Un premier bilan de 10 années de recherche sur les cultures de méristèmes et la multiplication in vitrode fruitiers ligneux. In: Bull. Rech. Agron. Gembloux 1976–1977 ; and Rapp. Synth. CRAE, Gembloux (Belg)
Rehman H U. Gill M I S. Sidhu G S and Dhaliwal H S. 2014. Micropropagation of kanth (pyrus pashia)- an important rootstock of pear in northern subtropical region of india. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, 188- 196.
Rogalski, M.; De-Moraes, L. K. A.; Feslibino, C.; Crestani, L.; Guerra, M. P.; Da-Silva, A. L.; DeMoraes, L. K. A. and Da-Silva, A. L. (2003). In vitro rooting of Prunus rootstocks. RevistaBrasileira-de-Fruticultura, 25(2): 293-296.
Rustaee M, Nazeri S, Ghadimzadeh M, Hemmaty S. 2009. Effect of Phloroglucinol, Medium Type and Some Component on In VitroProliferation of Dwarf Rootstock of Apple (Mallus domestica). International Journal of Agriculture & Biology. 11(2): 193-196.
Rustaee M, Nazeri S, Ghadimzadeh M, Malboobi A.M. 2007. Optimizing In VitroRegeneration from Iranian Native Dwarf Rootstock of Apple (Malus domestica Borkh). International Journal of Agriculture & Biology.1560–8530–5–775–778.
Santos- Serejo, J.A.; Junghans, T.G.; Soares, T.L. Silva, K.M. (2006), Meios nutritivos para micropropagação de plantas. In: Souza, A.S.; Junghans, T.G. In-Introdução à micropropagação de plantas . Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical, Cruz das Almas, Pp.80-98.
Sedlak J, Paprstein F (2003) Influence of growth regulators on In Vitro propagation of Pyrus communis cv. Koporecka. Acta Hortic. 616: 25-29.
Sedlák,\J.,VyzkumnaSlechtitelskyUstavOvocnarsky, H., &Paprstein, F. (2007).In vitro propagation of blue honeysuckle. Horticultural Science-UZPI, 34.
Sharma, M., M. MAanju, D. R. Sharma, M. Sharma, M. Modgil. 2000. Successful propagation in vitro of apple rootstock MM.106 and influence of phloro glucinol. Indian Journul of Experimental Biology, 38: (12): 1230- 1240.
Shibli, R.A.; Ajlouni, M.M.; Jaradat, A.; Aljanabi, S.; Shatnawi, M. (1997),Micropropagation in wild pear (Pyrus syrica ). Scientia Horticulturae, 68: 237-242.
Silveira, D.G.; Souza, F.V.D; Pelacani, C.R., Souza, A. da S.; Ledo, C.A. da S.; Santana, J.R.F de. (2009),Micropropagation and in Vitro Conservation of Neoglaziovia variegata (Arr. Cam.) Mez, a Fiber Producing Bromeliad from Brazil. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol., Curitiba, 52 (4): 923-932.
Soliman. H (2013). In Vitro Regeneration and Genetic Transformation of Peach (Prunus Persica L.) Plants Life Science Journal, 10(2): 487-496.
Soni M, Thakur M, Modgil M. 2011. In vitro multiplication of Merton I.793- An apple rootstock. Indian Journal of Biotech. 10: 362- 368.
Sriskandarajah S, Skirvin R M, Abu-Gaoud H & Korban S S, 1990. Factor involved in shoot elongation and growth of adventitious and axillary shoots of three scion apple cultivars in vitro, J Hortic Sci. 65: 113- 121.
Sulusoglu, M. (2002). In vitro propagation of cherry rootstocks. Ph.D. Thesis. Ankara University.
Tai, L., J.W. Pei, J. Wang, T. Lu, J.W. Pei, J. Wang. 200. Effect of promoting agents for increasing the trans planation survival rate of in vitro apple plant lets. China- Fruits, No 1- 17.
Thorpe, T., Stasolla, C., Yeung, E.C., de Klerk., G.J., Roberts, A. and Georg, E.F, (2008).plant growth regulators II: Cytokinins, their Analogues and Antagonsist. Plant propagation by tissu culture. Third Ed., Vol 1: 115-173.
Tsipouridis, C. and T. Thomidis. 2003. Methods to improve the in vitro culture of GF677 (peach × almond) peach rootstock. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 31: 361- 364.
Van Telgen H.J, Van Mil A, Kuneman B. 1992. Effect of propagation and rooting conditions on acclimatization of micropropagated plant. Acta Botanica Neerlandica. 41(4): 453- 459.
Webster C.A, Jones O.P. 1989. Micropropagation of the apple rootstock M.9: effect of sustained subculture on apparent rejuvenation in vitro. J. Hort. Sci. 64(4): 421-428.
Webster, C. & Jones, O.P. 1991. Micropropagation of some cold-hardy dwarfing rootstocks for apple. J. Hortic. Sci. 66: 1–6.
Welander M, and Pawlicki N. 1993. A model system for studying root regeneration in woody species. Acta Hort. 336: 225- 230.
Welander M, Welander NT, Brackman AS. 1989. Regulation of in vitro shoot multiplication of syringe, Alnus snd Malus by different carbon sources. Journal of Horticultural Science 64: 361-366.
Welander M. 1983. In vitro rooting of the apple rootstock M.26 in adult and juvenile growth phases and acclimatization of the plantlets. Physiol. Plant. 58(3): 231- 238.
Yaseen M, Ahmed T, Abbasi N. A, Hafiz I. A. 2009. In Vitroshoot Proliferation Competence OF Apple Rootstocks M. 9 And M. 26 On Different Carbon Sources. Pak. J. Bot. 41(4): 1781-1795.
Zhang Z, Wang Z Z & Zhang Z Q, 2004. Studies on regeneration system of tissue culture in Granny Smith apple, Acta Bot Boreali Occidentalia Sinica, 24: 621- 626.
Zimermman, R. T. (1993). Factors affecting in vitro propagation of apple cultivars. Acta Horticulture. 131: 263- 270.
Zimmerman, R.H. & Fordham, I. 1985. Simplified method for rooting apple cultivars in vitro. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 110: 34–38.
Zimmerman, R.H. 1984. Rooting apple cultivars in vitro: Interactions among light, temperature, phloroglucinol and auxin. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 3: 301–311.