پایان نامه بررسی فاکتور های جیره‌ ای و متابولیکی مرتبط با سندرم آسیت در جوجه‌های گوشتی

فهرست:

مقدمه: 1

1-  بررسی منابع                                                                                                                                                             5

1-1- فشار خون ریوی: 5

1-2- تاریخچه آسیت: 5

1-3- خلاصه‌ای از عوامل مؤثر در بروز سندروم آسیت: 6

1-3-1-سرعت رشد و ترکیب بدن: 6

1-3-2- سن: 6

1-3-3- نور: 6

1-3-4- جنسیت: 6

1-3-5- ارتفاع: 7

1-3-6- برنامه نوری: 7

1-3-7- وضع سلامتی: 7

1-3-8- محیط: 7

1-3-9- تغذیه: 9

1-4-                                                                                                                                         دستگاه گردش خون طیور: 9

1-5-                                                                                                                                                                        آرژنین: 11

1-5-1- شیمی آرژنین: 11

1-6-                                                                                                                                                      متابولیسم آرژنین: 12

1-7-                                                                                                                                                   روابط متقابل آرژنین: 13

1-7-1- پلی‌آمین‌ها: 13

1-7-2- کراتین: 13

1-7-3- پرولین: 14

1-8-                                                                                                                                           آنتاگونیست‌های آرژنین: 14

1-8-1- کاناوالین، ایندوپسین و هموآرژنین: 14

1-8-2- لایزین: 15

1-8-3- تریپتوفان: 16

1-9-                                                                                                                                                               نیاز آرژنین: 16

1-10-   آرژنین و افزایش فشار خون ریوی: 18

1-10-1- سایر فعالیت‌های بیولوژیکی مربوط به آرژنین: 22

1-11-   کیفیت چربی‌ها: 23

1-11-1- رطوبت: 23

1-11-2- ناخالصی‌های نامحلول: 23

1-11-3-اسیدهای چرب آزاد یا اسیدیته: 24

1-11-4-مواد غیر قابل صابونی شدن: 24

1-11-5-عدد صابونی: 25

1-11-6-الگوی اسیدهای چرب: 25

1-11-7-عدد پراکسید: 27

1-11-8-عدد یُدی: 27

1-11-9-شاخص اسید تیو باربیتوریک: 27

1-12-   سوخت و ساز چربی‌ها: 28

1-13-   نقش چربی‌ها و اسیدهای چرب جیره در سندرم آسیت: 30

1-14-   چربی‌ها به عنوان منبع اسیدهای چرب امگا 3 و امگا 6: 31

1-15-   وظایف بیولوژیکی اسیدهای چرب ضروری: 32

1-16-   اثر اسیدهای چرب ضروری بر بیان ژن: 32

1-17-   بیوسنتز پروستوگلاندین‌ها و ترومبوکسان‌ها: 33

1-18-   اسیدهای چرب ضروری به عنوان پیش ساز ایکوزانوئیدها (نقش در واکنش‌های التهابی): 34

1-18-1-چربی جیره: اثر بر پیش سازهای بافتی ایکوزانوئیدها: 35

1-19-   تشکیل ایکوزانوئید و اسیدهای چرب امگا 6 و امگا 3 جیره: 36

1-20-   اثر پروستوگلاندین‌ها بر ماهیچه قلب: 37

1-21-   اثرات اسیدهای چرب امگا 3 بر سندرم آسیت: 37

1-22-   روغن سویا: 38

1-23-   - روغن ضایعاتی: 39

1-24-   استفاده از آنتی‌اکسیدان‌ها در جیره طیور: 40

1-25-   شاخص‌های تنش اکسیداتیو: 42

1-25-1-مالون‌دی‌آلدهاید: 43

1-26-   گلوتاتیون پراکسیداز: 43

1-27-   سوپراکساید دیسموتاز: 44

1-28-   ظرفیت آنتی اکسیدانی کل: 44

1-29-   گلوتامات دهیدروژناز: 45

1-30-   ظرفیت ناکافی رگ‌های ششی: 46

1-31-   تغییرات پاتوفیزیولوژیکی: 47

1-32-   کاهش ظرفیت سرخرگ‌های ششی و هایپرتروفی سرخرگ ششی و سندرم آسیت: 49

1-33-   نقش نیتریک اکساید: 49

1-34-   نقش سروتونین: 52

1-35-   نقش اندوتلین-1. 52

1-36-   تغذیه جنینی: 53

2-مواد و روش‌ها:                                                                                                                                                         54

2-1-                                                                                                                                                                           مقدمه: 54

2-2-                                                                                                 اندازه‌گیری اسیدهای آمینه محتوی مواد خوراکی: 54

2-2-1-مراحل آماده‌سازی، هیدرولیز و تزریق نمونه: 55

2-2-2- تجزیه کمی: 57

2-3-                                                                 خصوصیات و منابع روغن های مورد استفاده و آنالیز آزمایشگاهی آنها: 58

2-4-                                                                                                                                                       مدیریت پرورش: 61

2-4-1- مشخصات مرغداری: 61

2-4-2- آماده‌سازی سالن: 61

2-4-3- دما و رطوبت سالن: 61

2-4-4- روشنایی سالن و برنامه نوردهی. 62

2-5-                                                          آزمایش 1: پرورش در دمای نرمال و استفاده از مواد تغییر دهنده فشار خون. 62

2-6- آزمایش 2: تزریق آرژنین در داخل تخم مرغ‌های بارور در روز پنجم جنینی و تعیین غلظت نیتریک اکساید و اندوتلین 1 در سرخرگ ششی در روز بیستم جنینی: 64

2-6-1- پیش آزمایش: 64

2-6-2- آزمایش اصلی: تزریق سطح آرژنین بدست آمده از آزمایش 2 به داخل تخم مرغ‌های بارور و پرورش جوجه‌های حاصل از آن‌ها. 65

2-7-                                                            آزمایش 3: مقایسه روش مصرف آرژنین (داخل جیره با تزریق جنینی): 66

2-7-1- جیره‌های مورد استفاده در آزمایش 3: 67

2-8-                                                                                                                                                                  آزمایش 4: 69

2-9-                                                                                                                                                         صفات عملکردی: 70

2-9-1- اندازه‌گیری میزان خوراک مصرفی: 70

2-9-2-اندازه‌گیری وزن بدن: 70

2-9-3- افزایش وزن روزانه: 70

2-9-4- ضریب تبدیل غذایی. 71

2-9-5- محاسبه تلفات و تلفات ناشی از آسیت: 71

2-10-   محاسبه شیوع آسیت و برش قلب: 71

2-11-   اندازه‌گیری دمای مقعد: 72

2-12-   تجزیه لاشه: 72

2-13-   آزمایش‌های مربوط به اندازه‌گیری فراسنجه‌های خونی: 72

2-14-   اندازه‌گیری فشار جزئی دی‌اکسیدکربن و اکسیژن در خون: 73

2-15-   شمارش، اندازه‌گیری و تعیین نسبت سلول‌های خونی. 73

2-16-   اندازه‌گیری ویسکوزیته خون و پلاسما: 74

2-17-   اندازه‌گیری میزان پروتئین‌های سرم خون: 74

2-18-   اندازه‌گیری فعالیت آلکالین فسفاتاز در خون: 74

2-19-   اندازه‌گیری فعالیت آسپاراتات آمینوترانسفراز و آلانین آمینوترانسفراز خون: 74

2-20-   اندازه‌گیری فعالیت گلوتامات دهیدروژناز خون: 75

2-21-   اندازه‌گیری T3 و T4 خون: 75

2-21-1- تری‌یدو تیرونین (T3) : 75

2-21-2-تیروکسین (T4) : 76

2-22-   اندازه‌گیری نیتریک اکساید و اندوتلین 1 در خون: 77

2-22-1- نیتریک اکساید: 77

2-22-2- اندوتلین 1: 77

2-23-   اندازه‌گیری نیتریک اکساید و اندوتلین 1 در سرخرگ ششی: 77

2-24-   اندازه‌گیری مالون‌دی‌آلدهاید خون: 78

2-25-   اندازه‌گیری قدرت آنتی‌اکسیدانی و گلوتاتیون پراکسیداز خون: 78

2-26-   اندازه‌گیری فعالیت سوپراکسید دیسموتاز خون: 79

2-27-   اندازه‌گیری گلوتاتیون پراکسیداز در بافت کبد: 79

2-28-   اندازه‌گیری مالون‌دی‌آلدهاید در بافت کبد: 80

2-29-   بررسی تغییرات مورفولوژی در بطن راست نمونه‌های زنده و تلفات، سرخرگ ششی و شش‌های نمونه‌های زنده: 80

2-29-1- تهیه فیکساتیو فرمالدئید بافر شده: 81

2-29-2-آبگیری: 81

2-29-3- شفاف سازی: 82

2-29-4- آغشتگی: 82

2-29-5- قالب گیری : 82

2-29-6- مقطع گیری: 82

2-29-7- رنگ آمیزی: 83

2-29-8- مراحل رنگ آمیزی H&E : 83

2-29-9-طرز تهیه هماتوکسیلین: 84

2-29-10-طرز تهیه ائوزین: 84

2-29-11-طرز تهیه آب آمونیاک: 84

2-29-12-طرز تهیه اسید الکل: 84

2-29-13-چسباندن لام : 84

2-30-   عکس‌برداری و تفسیر لام‌ها: 84

2-31-   روش تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات و مدل آماری مورد استفاده: 85

3-نتایج: 87

3-1-                                                                                                                                                                  آزمایش 1: 87

3-1-1-مقدمه: 87

3-1-2-پارامترهای عملکردی: 87

3-1-3-مصرف خوراک: 87

3-1-4-افزایش وزن: 88

3-1-5-ضریب تبدیل خوراک: 88

3-1-6-فعالیت آنزیم‌های آلانین آمینوترانسفراز، آسپاراتات آمینوترانسفراز سرم، غلطت آلبومین و پروتئین کل سرم و مایع آسیت: 90

3-1-7-فعالیت آنزیم آلکالین فسفاتاز، غلظت هورمون‌های تیروئیدی، درصد هماتوکریت، دمای مقعد، نسبت هتروفیل به لنفوسیت و نسبت وزنی بطن راست به کل بطن‌ها: 93

3-1-8-فشار جزئی دی اکسید کربن و اکسیژن در خون: 95

3-1-9-شیوع و تلفات ناشی از آسیت: 97

3-2-                                                                                                                                                        آزمایش شماره 2. 100

3-2-1-پیش آزمایش: 100

3-2-2-آزمایش اصلی: 102

3-3-                                                                                                                                                                  آزمایش 3: 115

3-3-1-مقدمه: 115

3-3-2-صفات عملکردی: 115

3-3-3-نیتریک اکساید و اندوتلین 1 در سرم و سرخرگ ششی: 119

3-3-4-نسبت هتروفیل به لنفوسیت، هماتوکریت، ویسکوزیته خون و سرم و هورمون‌های تیروئیدی: 120

3-3-5-نسبت وزنی بطن راست به کل بطن‌ها: 121

3-3-6-دمای مقعد: 122

3-3-7- تغییرات بافت شناسی سرخرگ ششی و بطن راست پرندگان زنده و تلفات:                                              110

3-3-8-تغییرات بافت شناسی شش‌ها: 125

3-3-9-تلفات ناشی از آسیت: 127

3-4-                                                                                                                                                                  آزمایش 4: 128

3-4-1-مقدمه  128

3-4-2-صفات عملکردی: 128

3-4-3-نیتریک اکساید و اندوتلین 1 در سرم و سرخرگ ششی: 129

3-4-4-نسبت هتروفیل به لنفوسیت، هماتوکریت، ویسکوزیته خون و سرم و هورمون‌های تیروئیدی: 131

3-4-5-نسبت وزنی بطن راست به کل بطن‌ها: 132

3-4-6-دمای مقعد: 132

3-4-7-آنتی اکسیدان کل، سوپراکسید دیسموتاز و گلوتامات دهیدروژناز سرم، گرادیان آلبومین و پروتئین کل در سرم و مایع آسیت و مالون‌دی‌آلدهاید و گلوتاتیون پراکسیداز خون و بافت کبد در 48 روزگی. 134

3-4-8-تغییرات بافت شناسی سرخرگ ششی و بطن راست پرندگان زنده و تلف شده: 137

3-4-9-تغییرات بافت شناسی شش‌ها: 138

3-4-10-تلفات ناشی از آسیت: 139

4-بحث: 141

4-1-                                                                                                                                                                  آزمایش 1: 141

4-2-                                                                                                                                                                  آزمایش 2: 148

4-2-1-پیش آزمایش: 148

4-2-2-آزمایش اصلی: 149

4-3-                                                                                                                                                                  آزمایش 3: 153

4-4-                                                                                                                                                                  آزمایش 4: 156

4-5-                                                                                                                                                   نتیجه گیری نهایی: 161

4-6-                                                                                                                                                                    پیشنهادها: 162

5-منابع: 178

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