پایان نامه اثر درصد ماده خشک شیر و ترکیبی از گیاهان دارویی بر عملکرد و فراسنجه های خونی گوساله های شیر خوار

فهرست:

چکیده......................................................................................................................................................................1

فصل اول: مقدمه

مقدمه.......................................................................................................................................................................4

1-2- اهداف طرح.................................................................................................................................................6

1-3- فرضیه­های طرح.........................................................................................................................................6

فصل دوم: بررسی منابع

2- 1- مقدار مواد مغذی  مورد نیاز گوساله­های جوان.................................................................................8

2-2- انرژی مورد نیاز گوساله­ها.........................................................................................................................9

2-2-1- متابولیسم در حالت ناشتا (میزان متابولیسم پایه)........................................................................9

2-2-2- انرژی قابل متابولیسم.......................................................................................................................10

2-3- پروتئین مورد نیاز گوساله­ها.................................................................................................................12

2-3-1- پروتئین مورد نیاز برای نگهداری ..................................................................................................12

2-3- 2- اثرات شرایط محیطی بر روی انرژی و پروتئین مورد نیاز گوساله.... ....................................16

2-4- سایر جنبه­های تغذیه گوساله .............................................................................................................17

2-4- 1- تغذیه جنین .....................................................................................................................................17

2-4- 2- آغوز.....................................................................................................................................................18

2-4- 3- آب و الکترولیت­ها ...........................................................................................................................19

2-4- 4- مواد جایگزین شیر ..........................................................................................................................20

2-4- 5- مواد افزودنی ....................................................................................................................................22

2-4- 6- توجهات عملی خوراک دادن ........................................................................................................23

2-5- شیر و عملکرد گوساله............................................................................................................................25

2-5-1- شیر و ماده خشک موجود درآن.....................................................................................................25

2-5-2- شیر و خوراک مصرفی......................................................................................................................26

2-5-3- دوره پیش از شیرگیری....................................................................................................................31

2-5-4- دوره پس از شیرگیری......................................................................................................................33

2-5-5- اثرات طولانی مدت............................................................................................................................34

256 توسعه شکمبه.....................................................................................................................................35

2-6- معرفی گیاهان دارویی و تاثیر آن بر عملکرد حیوانات....................................................................37

2-6-1- تاثیر رزماری بر عملکرد حیوانات....................................................................................................40

2-6-2- تاثیر مرزه بر عملکرد حیوانات.........................................................................................................41

2-6-3- تاثیر زنجبیل بر عملکرد حیوانات...................................................................................................42

2-6-4- اشکال متداول استفاده از گیاهان دارویی در دامپروری.............................................................44

2-6-4-1- پودر.................................................................................................................................................44

2-6-4-2- چای­ها.............................................................................................................................................45

2-6-4-3- جوشانده­ها......................................................................................................................................45

2-6-4-4- خیسانده گیاه.................................................................................................................................45

2-6-4-5- عصاره­ها...........................................................................................................................................46

2-6-4-6- اسانس­ها..........................................................................................................................................47

2-6-4-7- کپسولها و قرص­ها......................................................................................................................47

2-6-4-8- ضمادها............................................................................................................................................47

2-6-4-9- کمپرس­ها.......................................................................................................................................47

2-6-4-10- شربت............................................................................................................................................48

2-6=4- 11- لوسیون.......................................................................................................................................48

2-6-4- 12- پماد و کرم­ها.............................................................................................................................48

2-6-4-13- اسپری، بخور...............................................................................................................................48

2-6-4-14- دود­ دادن.....................................................................................................................................48

فصل سوم: مواد و روش کار

3-1- مکان و زمان اجرای طرح......................................................................................................................50

3-2- نحوه اجرای طرح ...................................................................................................................................50

3-3- مدیریت گوساله‌‌ها ..................................................................................................................................51

3-4- اندازه گیری ها و نمونه برداری ها.......................................................................................................52

3-4-1- خوراک مصرفی..................................................................................................................................52

3-4-2- وزن بدن..............................................................................................................................................53

3-4-3- امتیاز مدفوع.......................................................................................................................................53

3-4-4- رشد اسکلتی.......................................................................................................................................53

3-4-5- نمونه‌گیری از خون. 53

3-5- تجزیه و تحلیل آماری. 54

فصل چهارم: بحث و نتایج

4- مصرف جیره آغازین, ماده خشک مصرفی، افزایش وزن روزانه, بازده خوراک ,وزن از شیرگیری و وزن نهایی............................................................................................................................................................58

41- جیره آغازین مصرفی...............................................................................................................................58

42- ماده خشک مصرفی.................................................................................................................................61

43- بازده خوراک.............................................................................................................................................63

44- افزایش وزن روزانه...................................................................................................................................67

4-5- وزن از شیرگیری و وزن نهایی..............................................................................................................69

46- امتیاز مدفوع..............................................................................................................................................70

47- صفات مربوط به رشد اسکلتی..............................................................................................................71

4-7-1- دور سینه..............................................................................................................................................71

4-7-2- عرض بین استخوان هیپ.................................................................................................................72

48- فراسنجه‌های سرم خون در دوره‌های 9، 30، 40 و 70 روزگی....................................................72

48-1- بتا- هیدروکسی بوتیرات...................................................................................................................76

48-2- گلوکز.....................................................................................................................................................76

48-3- آلبومین.................................................................................................................................................79

48-4- پروتئین کل.........................................................................................................................................81

48-5- گلوبولین...............................................................................................................................................82

فصل پنجم:  نتیجه گیری

5 نتیجه گیری...................................................................................................................................................85

51 مشکلات و محدودیت‌های این پژوهش...............................................................................................85

52 پیشنهادات.................................................................................................................................................85

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