پایان نامه سنتز نانو ذرات سلولز کونژوگه با طلا و بررسی قابلیت جذب سم دیازینون توسط آن

فهرست:

چکیده............................................................................................................................................ 1

فصل اول: کلیات تحقیق

1-1- مقدمه........................................................................................................................... 3

1-2- آفت کش ها................................................................................................................... 4

1-3- تاریخچه استفاده از سموم......................................................................................... 5

1-4- اهمیت آفت کش ها...................................................................................................... 6

1-5- تقسیم بندی آفت کش‌ها............................................................................................. 8

  1-5-1- طبقه بندی آفت کش‌ها از از لحاظ نوع موجودات زنده تحت اثر......................... 9

1-5-2- طبقه بندی بر اساس سمیت دهانی................................................................... 10

1-5-3- تقسیم بندی آفت کش‌ها بر اساس ساختمان شیمیایی آنها.......................... 11

1-5-4- تقسیم بندی سموم بر اساس نحوه ورود به داخل بدن..................................... 11

1-5-5- تقسیم بندی آفت کش‌ها بر اساس طرز تأثیر.................................................... 12

1-5-6- رده بندی سموم بر اساس نوع مسمومیت.......................................................... 14

1-5-7- طبقه بندی سموم بر اساس نحوه حرکت در گیاه............................................. 15

1-5-8- طبقه بندی سموم بر اساس میزان دوام و پایداری............................................. 16

1-5-9- طبقه بندی بر اساس ساختمان شیمیایی......................................................... 17

1-6- آفت کش‌های ارگانوفسفره(آلی فسفره)................................................................... 17

1-7- چگونگی ایجاد مسمومیت به وسیله سموم فسفره............................................. 20

1-8- راه‌های ورود ارگانوفسفره‌ها به بدن.......................................................................... 21

1-9- تقسیم بندی ارگانوفسفره‌ها.................................................................................... 21

1-10- مکانیزم مسمومیت و پدیده ی پیر شدن................................................................ 22

1-11- ترشح استیل کولین به وسیله پایانه‌های عصبی................................................. 23

1-12- عملکرد استیل کولین.............................................................................................. 24

1-13- آنزیم استیل کولین استراز...................................................................................... 24

1-14- آنزیم پسودوکولین استراز سرم.............................................................................. 24

عنوان                                                                                                         صفحه

1-15- دیازینون...................................................................................................................... 25

1-16- متابولسیم دیازینون در بدن..................................................................................... 26

1-17- مکانیزم عمل............................................................................................................ 27

1-18- مخاطرات مواجهه با دیازینون................................................................................. 27

1-19- مقدمه‌ای بر فناوری نانو........................................................................................... 29

1-20- تعاریفی از فناوری نانو............................................................................................. 29

1-21- ویژگی‌های نانو........................................................................................................... 30

1-22- دسته بندی نانو مواد................................................................................................ 31

1-23- ضرورت به کار گیری فناوری نانو در علوم کشاورزی وصنایع غذایی ................... 31

1-24- نانوسلولز.................................................................................................................. 31

1-25- ابعاد سلولز............................................................................................................... 32

1-26- تجزیه سلولز............................................................................................................... 32

1-27- فرمهای سلولز و شناسایی آنها.............................................................................. 33

1-28- کاربرد سلولز............................................................................................................. 35

1-29- اهمیت نانو سلولز.................................................................................................... 37

1-30- ساختار و خواص نانو سلولز.................................................................................... 39

1-31- تولید نانوذرات سلولزی............................................................................................. 39

1-32- خواص نانوسلولز و سوسپانسیون آن..................................................................... 42

1-33- اصلاح سطحی(شیمیایی) نانوسلولز..................................................................... 43

فصل دوم: مروری بر تحقیقات انجام شده

فصل سوم: مواد و روش ها

3-1- مواد، تجهیزات و نرم افزار های مورد استفاده............................................................ 48

3-1-1- مواد شیمیایی مورد استفاده............................................................................... 48

3-1-2- دستگاه­های مورد استفاده................................................................................... 48

3-1-3- نرم افزار................................................................................................................. 49

3-2- سنتز نانوسلولز و کونژوگاسیون آن با طلا.............................................................. 49

عنوان                                                                                                         صفحه

3-3- مشخصه یابی نانو ذرات کونژوگه شده .................................................................. 49

3-4- بررسی جذب دیازینون توسط نانوذرات کونژوگه شده با طلا در شرایط آزمایشگاهی    50

3-5- بررسی جذب دیازینون توسط نانوذرات کونژوگه شده با طلا در شرایط واقعی.... 50

3-6- بررسی جذب دیازینون توسط نانوذرات کونژوگه با نرم افزار شبیه ساز............... 51

3-7- روشهای آماری.............................................................................................................. 51

فصل چهارم: تجزیه و تحلیل و بیان نتایج حاصل از تحقیق

4-1- نتایج مشخصه یابی نانوذرات کونژوگه شده با طلا.............................................. 53

4-2- نتیجه جذب دیازینون توسط نانوذرات کونژوگه شده با طلا در شرایط آزمایشگاهی     57

4-3- نتایج شبیه سازی با نرم افزار................................................................................... 64

فصل پنجم: بحث و تفسیر و نتیجه گیری و جمع بندی

5-1- بحث.............................................................................................................................. 68

5-2- نتیجه گیری................................................................................................................. 70

5-3- پیشنهادها................................................................................................................... 72

منابع .................................................................................................................................... 73

چکیده انگلیسی ................................................................................................................. 74

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