پایان نامه اثر اعمال تیمار های مختلف در شکستن خواب و جوانه زنی بذور علف های هرز یولاف وحشی و بارهنگ

فهرست:

چکیده

فصل اول

مقدمه ................................................................................................................................................................ 1

1- بررسی منابع .................................................................................................................................................. 3

1-1- تاریخچه کنترل علف‌های هرز .................................................................................................................. 3

1-2- پراکنش و اهمیت علف هرز ..................................................................................................................... 4

1-3- تعاریف علف هرز .................................................................................................................................... 6

1-4- خصوصیات علف هرز .............................................................................................................................. 7

1-5- خسارت‌های علف هرز ............................................................................................................................. 8

1-5-1- خسارت‌های کمی ................................................................................................................................ 8

1-5-2- خسارت‌های کیفی ............................................................................................................................... 9

1-6- کنترل علفهای هرز ................................................................................................................................... 9

1-7- گیاه‌شناسی یولاف وحشی ...................................................................................................................... 10

1-8- گیاه‌شناسی بارهنگ ................................................................................................................................ 10

1-9- اکولوژی یولاف .................................................................................................................................... 11

1-10- مراحل رشد یولاف .............................................................................................................................. 12

1-11- مرحله جوانه زنی .................................................................................................................................. 13

1-12 ساختمان دانه .......................................................................................................................................... 13

1-13- بیوشیمی و فیزیولوژی جوانه بذر ........................................................................................................... 15

1-14- کنترل علفهای هرز ............................................................................................................................... 15

1-15- دلایل غالبیت بذور علفهای هرز  ........................................................................................................... 16

1-15-1- پوسته بذر ........................................................................................................................................ 16

1-16- خواب بعد از رسیدگی ......................................................................................................................... 17

1-17- تعریف خواب ...................................................................................................................................... 18

1-18- طبقه‌بندی خواب بذر ............................................................................................................................ 18

1-19- اهمیت خواب بذر ................................................................................................................................ 20

1-20- بررسی انواع خواب .............................................................................................................................. 20

1-20-1- خواب فیزیولوژی ............................................................................................................................ 20

1-20-2 خواب مورفولوژیکی ......................................................................................................................... 21

1-20-3- خواب فیزیکی ................................................................................................................................. 21

1-20-4- خواب شیمیایی ................................................................................................................................ 21

1-20-5- خواب مکانیکی ............................................................................................................................... 22

1-21- اهمیت خواب در کشاورزی کاربردی .................................................................................................. 22

1-21-1 خواب در گیاهان زراعی و ارتباط با قوه نامیه ...................................................................................... 22

1-21-2- خواب یا مرگ بذر؟ ........................................................................................................................ 22

1-22- فاکتورهای که باعث ایجاد خواب در بذر می‌شوند ................................................................................ 23

1-23- پوشش ایجاد کننده خواب بذر ............................................................................................................. 23

1-24- نقش هورمونها و تنظیم کننده‌های رشد در خواب بذر ........................................................................... 25

1-24-1- بازدارنده‌های جوانه‌زنی .................................................................................................................... 25

1-24-2 تولیده‌کننده‌های جوانه‌زنی .................................................................................................................. 26

1-25- روشهای برطرف کردن خواب .............................................................................................................. 27

1-26- شکستن خواب یا به کارگیری مواد شیمیایی ......................................................................................... 28

1-27- مکانیسم‌های موثر در برطرف شدن خواب جنین به وسیله خواب کنترل کننده ....................................... 29

1-28- نیازهای خاص در آزمون جوانه‌زنی ....................................................................................................... 30

1-29- ارزیابی آزمون جوانه‌زنی ...................................................................................................................... 31

1-30- آزمون‌های بنیه که براساس تاثیرات فیزیولوژیکی پیری است ................................................................. 32

1-31- آزمون‌های بنیه که براساس تاثیرات بیوشیمیایی در طی پیری است ......................................................... 33

فصل دوم ......................................................................................................................................................... 39

2- مواد و روشها .............................................................................................................................................. 40

2-1- مراحل اجرای آزمایش ........................................................................................................................... 40

2-2- طرح آزمایشی ........................................................................................................................................ 40

2-3- تیمارهای آزمایشی ................................................................................................................................. 41

2-4- صفات مورد مطالعه ................................................................................................................................ 42

2-5- تجزیه آماری .......................................................................................................................................... 43

فصل سوم ........................................................................................................................................................ 44

3- نتایج و بحث ............................................................................................................................................... 45

3-1- تجزیه واریانسی صفات مورد مطالعه گیاه یولاف در تیمار با نیترات پتاسیم ............................................... 45

3-2- مقایسات میانگین صفات مورد مطالعه در تیمار نیترات پتاسیم ................................................................... 47

3-3- مقایسه میانگین اثر تیمار اسید جیبرلیک در گیاه یولاف ............................................................................53

3-4- مقایسات میانگین صفات مورد مطالعه در تیمار اسید جیبرلیک ................................................................. 55

3-5- نتیجه‌گیری کلی ..................................................................................................................................... 62

3-6- پیشنهادات .............................................................................................................................................. 63

فهرست منابع فارسی ......................................................................................................................................... 64

فهرست منابع غیر فارسی ................................................................................................................................... 67

چکیده به انگلیسی ............................................................................................................................................ 72

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