پایان نامه تشخیص تومور های سرطانی در بافت های بیولوژیک با استفاده از تصویر برداری ماکروویو

فهرست:

فصل 1 مقدمه                                                                                                                                   1

1-1 تصویربرداری الکترومغناطیس                                                                                                            2

1-2 تصویربرداری ماکروویو                                                                                                                         3

1-3 مروری بر پیشینه­ی تکنیک­های Time-Reversal                                                                         5

1-4 دور نمای پایان نامه                                                                                                              6

فصل 2: تکنیک معکوس زمانی وضوح بالا                                                                                          8

2-1 مقدمه                                                                                                                    9

2-2 Time-Reversal                                                                                                            9

 2-3 تئوری Time-Reversal                                                                                                     12

2-4 معرفی آزمایشگاه عددی برای پیاده سازی Time-Reversal                                                           13

2-5 مدل­های محیط تصادفی                                                                                                      14  

2-6 تنظیم محاسباتی                                                                                                               16

2-7 نتایج عددی                                                                                                                     16

   2-7-1 اثرات محیط تصادفی گسسته                                                                                   17             

   2-7-2 اثرات محیط آماری مرتبه­ی اول                                                                                      19

   2-7-3 اثرات محیط آماری مرتبه­ی دوم                                                                                      19

فصل 3: تصویربرداری با تحلیل عملگر وارون زمانی                                                                         21

3-1 مقدمه                                                                                                                     22

3-2 تجزیه­ی ماتریس عملگر زمانی                                                                                               25

3-3 روش DORT                                                                                                                   29     

    3-3-1 شبیه سازی DORT                                                                                              30 3-4 روش TR-MUSIC                                                                                                            35

3-5 نتایج شبیه سازی در محیط­های تصادفی                                                                                  41        

   3-5-1 اثرات محیط آماری مرتبه­ی اول                                                                                   41

   3-5-2 اثرات محیط آماری مرتبه­ی دوم                                                                                      42

فصل 4: تصویربرداری در حضور مانع                                                                                               46

4-1 مقدمه                                                                                                                     47      

4-2 بررسی اثر پلاریزاسیون در وضوح تصویر                                                                                47

   4-2-1 بررسی مد                                                                                                         48                                                                                                

   4-2-2 بررسی مد                                                                                                                 49

 4-3 تأثیر دیوار بتن مسلح و پارتیشن­بندی در داخل اتاق بر TWI                                                         53

    4-3-1 تأثیر دیوار بتن مسلح                                                                                                   53

    4-3-2 تأثیر دیوار بتن مسلح و پارتیشن بر TWI                                                                           55

4-4 ردیابی اهداف متحرک در پشت دیوار                                                                                      55

4-5 نتیجه­گیری                                                                                                                       59

4-6 تحقیقات آینده                                                                                                         60

مراجع                                                                                                                                 62

منبع:

[1] M. Pastorino, \Modern microwave: inverse-scattering techniques for image reconstruction," Instrumentation Measurement Magazine, IEEE, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 20{25, 1998.

[2] L. P. Song, C. Yu, and Q. H. Liu, \Through-wall imaging (twi) by radar: 2- d tomographic results and analyses," Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 2793{2798, 2005.

[3] C. Huber, H. Abiri, S. Ganchev, and R. Zoughi, \Modeling of surface hairline- crack detection in metals under coatings using an open-ended rectangular waveguide," Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 45, no. 11, pp. 2049{2057, 1997.

[4] A. Abubakar and P. M. van den Berg, \Non-linear three-dimensional inversion of cross-well electrical measurements," Geophysical Prospecting, vol. 48, p. 109134, 2000.

[5] S. J. Lockwood and H. Lee, \Pulse-echo microwave imaging for nde of civil structures: Image reconstruction, enhancement, and object recognition," In- ternational Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology, vol. 8, pp. 407{412, 1997.

[6] S. Semenov, “Microwave tomography: review of the progress towards clinical applications,” Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, vol. 367, p. 30213042, 2009.

[7] A. Sabouni, “Ultra-WideBand (UWB) Microwave Tomography using Full-Wave Analysis Techniques for Heterogeneous and Dispersive Media” Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, 2011.

[8] M. Fink, D. Cassereau, A. Derode, C. Prada, P. Roux, M. Tanter, J. Thomas, and F.Wu, “Time-reversed acoustics,” Rep. Prog. Phys., vol. 63, pp. 1933–1995, 2000. 3, 14, 24, 31, 96

[9] D. M. Pepper, “Nonlinear optical phase conjugation,” Optical Engineering, vol. 21, no. 2, p. 156, March/April 1982. 4

[10] M. Fink, C. Prada, F. Wu, and D. Cassereau, “Self focusing in inhomogeneous media with time-reversal acoustic mirrors,” IEEE Ultrason. Symp, vol. 1, pp. 681–686, 1989. 4

[11] G. F. Edelmann, T. Akal, W. S. Hodgkiss, S. Kim, W. A. Kuperman, and H. C. Song, “An initial demonstration of underwater acoustic communications using time reversal,” IEEE Jour. of Oceanic Eng., vol. 27, pp. 602–609, July 2002. 4, 5

[12] S. Kim, W. A. Kuperman, W. S. Hodgkiss, H. C. Song, G. F. Edelman, and T. Akal, “Robust time reversal focusing in the ocean,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 114, no. 1, pp. 145–157, Jul 2003. 4

[13] C. Prada, S. Mannevile, D. Spoliansky, and M. Fink, “Decomposition of the time reversal operator: Detection and selective focusing on two scatterers,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 99, pp. 2067–2076, 1996. 4, 5, 32, 33, 40, 80, 95, 98

[14] E. Kerbrat, C. Prada, and D. Cassereau, “Ultrasonic nondestructive testing of scattering media using the decomposition of the time-reversal operator,” IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr., vol. 49, no. 8, pp. 1103–1112, 2002. 4, 5

[15] W. Kohler, G. Papanicolaou, and B. White, “Localization and mode conversion for elastic waves in randomly layered media,” Wave Motion, vol. 23, pp. 1–22 and 181–201, 1996. 4

[16] G. Papanicolaou, L. Ryzhik, and K. Solna, “Statistical stability in time reversal,” SIAM J. Appl. Math., vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 1133–55, 2004. 4

 [17] P. Blomgren, G. Papanicolaou, C. Tsogka, and J. Berryman, “Super resolution in time reversal acoustics,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 111, no. 1, pp. 230–48, 2002. 4, 101

[18] S. Hou, K. Solna, and H. Zhao, “Imaging of location and geometry for extended targets using the response matrix,” J. Comp. Phys., vol. 199, no. 1, pp. 317–338, 2004. 5

[19] N. Mordant, C. Prada, and M. Fink, “Highly resolved detection and selective focusing in a waveguide,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 105, no. 5, pp. 2634–2642, May 1999. 5

[20] G. Micolau and M. Saillard, “DORT method as applied to electromagnetic sensing of buried objects,” Radio Sci., vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 4–1–12, 2003. 5, 6, 33, 40, 49, 81, 98, 99

[21] A. J. Devaney, E. A. Marengo, and F. K. Gruber, “Time-reversal-based imaging and inverse scattering of multiply scattering point targets,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. vol. 118, pp. 3129–3138, 2005. 5, 96, 101

[22] E. A. Marengo and F. K. Gruber, “Single-snapshot time-reversal music and maximum likelihood estimation for active target location including multiple scattering,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., 2008, under review. 5, 96

[23] W. J. Higley, P. Roux, W. A. Kuperman, W. S. Hodgkiss, H. C. Song, T. Akal, and M. Stevenson, “Synthetic aperture time-reversal communications in shallow water: Experimental demonstration at sea,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 118, no. 4, pp. 2365–2372, Oct 2005. 5

[24] Y. F. Chen, E. Gunawan, K. S. Low, S. C. Wang, Y. Kim, and C. B. Soh, “Pulse design for time reversal method as applied to ultrawideband microwave breast cancer detection: A two-dimensional analysis,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 194–204, Jan 2007. 6

[25] D. H. Liu, S. Vasudevan, J. Krolik, G. Bal, and L. Carin, “Electromagnetic time-reversal source localization in changing media: Experiment and analysis,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 55, pp. 344–354, Feb 2007. 6, 96

 [26] D. H. Chambers and J. G. Berryman, “Analysis of the time-reversal operator for a small spherical scatterer in an electromagnetic field,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 1729–1738, July 2004. 6, 33, 40, 49, 98

[27] J. L. Thomas, F. Wu, and M. Fink, “Time reversal focusing applied to lithotripsy,” Ultrason. Imag., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 106–121, April 1996. 4, 96

[28] G. Montaldo, P. Roux, A. Derode, C. Negreira, and M. Fink, “Ultrasonic shock wave generator using 1-bit time-reversal in a dispersive medium : application to lithotripsy,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 80, no. 5, pp. 897–899, 2002. 4

[29] M. Tanter, J. L. Thomas, and M. Fink, “Focusing and steering through absorbing and aberrating layers: Application to ultrasonic propagation through the skull,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 103, pp. 2403–2410, May 1998. 4, 64

[30] P. Kosmas and C. M. Rappaport, “Time reversal with the fdtd method for microwave breast cancer detection,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 53, pp. 2317–2323, July 2005. 5, 6, 65, 66, 90

[31] T. Leutenegger and J. Dual, “Non-destructive testing of tubes using a time reverse numerical simulation (trns) method,” Ultrasonics, vol. 41, no. 10, pp. 811–822, May 2004. 5

[32] M. Saillard, P. Vincent, and G. Micolau, “Reconstruction of buried objects surrounded by small inhomogeneities,” Inverse Prob., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 1195– 1208, Oct 2000. 5, 33, 62, 65, 99

[33] H. Lev-Ari and A. J. Devaney, “The time reversal techniques re-interpreted: Subspace-based signal processing for multistatic target location,” Proc. IEEE Sensor Array Multichannel Signal Proc. Workshop, pp. 509–513, March 2000. 5, 56, 95, 96, 101, 102

[34] S. K. Lehman and A. J. Devaney, “Transmission mode time-reversal  superresolution imaging,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 113, pp. 2742–2753, 2003. 5, 96

[35] A. Taflove and S. C. Hagness, Computational Electrodynamics: The Finite-Difference Time- Domain Method, 3rd ed., Boston, MA: Artech House, 2005

[36] A. K. Fung and F. T. Ulaby, “A scatter model for leafy vegetation,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Electron., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 281–286, Oct 1978. 18

[37] F. J. Harris, “On the use of windows for harmonic analysis with the discrete fourier transform,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 66, pp. 51–83, Jan 1978. 22, 47

[38] C. Prada, J.-L. Thomas, and M. Fink, “The iterative time reversal process: Analysis of the convergence,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 97, pp. 62–71, 1995. 4, 32, 55

[39] H. Tortel, G. Micolau, and M. Saillard, “Decomposition of the time reversal operator for electromagnetic scattering,” J. Electromagn. Waves Appl., vol. 13, pp. 687–719, 1999. 6, 33, 34, 40, 49, 98, 99

[40] G. Micolau, M. Saillard, and P. Borderies, “DORT method as applied to ultrawideband signals for detection of buried objects,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 41, no. 8, pp. 1813–1820, Aug 2003. 5, 6, 33, 34, 81, 105

[41] M. Yavuz and F. L. Teixeira, “A numerical study of time-reversed uwb electromagnetic waves in continuous random media,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 4, pp. 43-46, 2005.

[42] Lev-Ari, H. and A. J. Devaney, \The time-reversal technique re-interpreted: Subspace-based signal processing for multi-static target location," Proceedings of the IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop, 509{513, 2000.

[43] Lehman, S. K. and A. J. Devaney, "Transmission mode time- reversal super resolution imaging," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 113, 2742{2753, 2003.

[44] E. A. Marengo, F. K. Gruber, and F. Simonetti. Time-reversal MUSIC imaging of extended targets[J]. IEEE Trans.on Image Processing, 2007, 16(8):1967-1984.

[45] X. Chen and K. Agarwal. MUSIC algorithm for two-dimensional inverse problems with special 250 characteristics of cylinders[J]. IEEE Trans.on Antennas and Propa., 2008, 56(6):1808-1812.

[46] F. K. Gruber, E. A. Marengo, and A. J. Devaney, “Time-reversal imaging with multiple signal classification considering multiple scattering between the targets,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 115, pp. 3042–3047, 2004.

[47] Zhang, W., A. Hoorfar, and L. Li, \Through-the-wall target localization with time reversal music method," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 106, 75{89, 2010.

[48] Zhang, C. T. W., A. Hoorfar, and F. Ahmad, \Full polarimetric beam-forming algorithm for through-the-wall radar imaging," Radio Science, Vol. 46, 2011.

[49] Zhang, W. and A. Hoorfar, \Two dimensional difraction tomographic algorithm for through-wall radar imaging," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 31, 205{218, 2011.

[50] C Thajudeen, A. Hoorfar, and F. Ahmad, “Measured complex permittivity of walls 98 with different hydration levels and the effect on power estimation of TWRI target returns,” PIER, vol. 30, pp. 177-199, 2011.