فهرست:
فصل اول: مقدمه.........................................................................................2
آنتن آرایه انعکاسی.........................................................................2
فراماده.........................................................................................4
1-2-1- محدوده تراهرتز و فرامواد تراهرتز..........................................5
1-2-2- سطوح فرکانس گزین...........................................................8
الگوریتم بهینهسازی تپهنوردی......................................................9
پژوهشهای پیشین و اهداف پژوهش............................................10
فصل دوم: آنتنهای آرایه انعکاسی..........................................................14
مقدمهای بر آنتنهای آرایه انعکاسی...................................................14
معرفی آنتن آرایه انعکاسی...............................................................14
مزایای آنتن آرایه انعکاسی...............................................................16
نقطه ضعف آنتن آرایه انعکاسی.........................................................18
2-4-1- ............................................18
2-4-2- ................18
تکنیکهای آنالیز آنتن....................................................................20
بررسی تکنیکهای آنالیز.................................................................24
فصل سوم: الگوریتم بهینهسازی تپهنوردی تصادفی..............................28
مقدمه و معرفی روش بهینهسازی تپهنوردی...................................................28
الگوریتم تپهنوردی...................................................................................31
فلوچارت تپهنوردی...................................................................................32
فصل چهارم: روشهای افزایش پهنای باند و خطی شدن نمودار تغییرات فاز................................................................................................................34
محدودیت پهنای باند توسط عناصر آرایه انعکاسی..........................................34
عناصر شیفتدهنده فاز پهنباند.................................................................38
رویههای تزویج روزنهای...........................................................................38
رویههای انباشته با ابعاد متغیر...................................................................43
عناصر آرایه انعکاسی دیگر برای بهبود پهنای باند...........................................47
فصل پنجم: معرفی ساختار و روش انجام تحقیق و نتایج....................................51
اصول طراحی.........................................................................................51
رویه و ویژگیهایش.................................................................................52
طراحی و شبیهسازی آرایه انعکاسی.............................................................56
افزایش پهنای باند عنصر آرایه انعکاسی با استفاده از روش چندلایه کردن............59
طراحی سطوح فرکانس گزین برای هر یک از عناصر.......................................60
نتایج.....................................................................................................64
رویههای با ابعاد متغیر........................................................................64
رویههای با ابعاد یکسان.......................................................................69
فصل ششم: نتیجهگیری و پیشنهادات..................................................73
نتیجهگیری............................................................................................74
پیشنهاد برای کارهای آتی.........................................................................75
فهرست منابع.......
منبع:
[1] S. D. Targonski and D. M. Pozar, “Analysis and design of a microstrip reflectarray using patches of variable size”, Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Vol.3, 1994. AP-S. Digest, 1820–1823.
[2] J.Huang and J. Encinar, “Reflectarray Antenna”, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2008, pp. 1.
[3] C. Caloz, T. itoh, “Electromagnetic metamaterials: Transmission line theory and microwave applications”, John Wiley & Sons, 2009, pp. 1-3.
[4] Withawat Withayachumnankul, Derek Abbott, “Metamaterials in the Terahertz Regime”, IEEE photonics journal, Vol.1, No.2, August 2009, pp. 99-118.
[5] B. Munk, “Frequency Selective Surfaces: Theory and Design”, Wiley Interscience, New York, NY 2000, pp.1-4.
[6] Tshilidzi Marwala, Monica Lagazio, “Advanced Information and Knowledge Processing, Militarized Conflict Modeling Using Computational intelligence”, Springer Science & Business Media, Aug 24.2011, pp. 1201-1202
[7] D. G. Berry , R. G. Malech , and W. A. Kennedy , “ The reflectarray antenna” , IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat ., Vol. AP - 11 , Nov. 1963 , pp. 645 – 651 .
[8] H. R. Phelan, “Spiralphase reflectarray for multitarget radar”, Microwave Journal, Vol. 20, July 1977, pp. 67 – 73.
[9] C. S. Malagisi, “Microstrip disc element reflectarray”, Electronics and Aerospace Systems Convention, (A79-27126 10-32) New York, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Sept. 1978, pp. 186 – 192.
[10] J. P. Montgomery, “A microstrip reflectarray antenna element”, Antenna Applications Symposium, Urbana (A79-2470109-32), University of Illinois, Sept. 1978, pp. 153-157.
[11] N. M. Froberg, B. B. Hu, X. C. Zhang, and D. H. Auston, “Terahertz radiation from a photoconducting antenna array”, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28,1992, pp. 2291–2301.
[12] M. N. Islam and M. Koch, “Terahertz patch antenna arrays for indoor communications”, Int. Conference on Next-Generation Wireless Systems (Dhaka, Bangladesh), 2006, pp. 331-339.
[13] K. Maki, T. Shibuya, C. Otani, K. Suizu, and K. Kawase, “Terahertz beam steering via tilted-phase difference frequency mixing”, Appl. Phys. Express 2, 022301, 2009, pp. 724-731.
[14] K. Uematsu, K. Maki, and C. Otani, “Terahertz beam steering using interference of femtosecond optical pulses”, Opt. Express 20, 2012, pp. 22914–22921.
[15] Y. Monnai, V. Viereck, H. Hillmer, K. Altmann, C. Jansen, M. Koch, and H. Shinoda, “Terahertz beam steering using structured MEMS surfaces for networked wireless sensing”, Ninth International Conference on Networked Sensing Systems (INSS) 12865664, 2012, pp. 1-3.
[16] B. Scherger, M. Reuter, M. Scheller, K. Altmann, N. Vieweg, R. Dabrowski, J. A. Deibel, and M. Koch, “Discrete terahertz beam steering with an electrically controlled liquid crystal device”, J. Infrared Milli. Terahz. Waves 33, 2012, pp. 1117–1122.
[17] Min Liang, Payam Nayeri, Rafael Sabory-García, Mingguang Tuo, Fan Yang, Michael Gehm, Hao Xin, and Atef Z. Elsherbeni, "Design, Fabrication, and Measurement of Dielectric Reflectarray Antennas at 100 GH", 6th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), 2011, pp. 235-237.
[18] Eduardo Carrasco, Julien Perruisseau-Carrier, "Reflectarray Antenna at Terahertz Using Graphene", IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 12, 2013, pp. 890-898.
[19] Tiaoming Niu, Withawat Withayachumnankul, Aditi Upadhyay, Philipp Gutruf, Derek Abbott, Madhu Bhaskaran, Sharath Sriram, and Christophe Fumeaux, "Terahertz reflectarray as a polarizing beam splitter", OPTICS EXPRESS 16149, Vol. 22, No. 13, 30 June 2014, pp. 16148-16160.
[20] D. G. Berry, R. G. Malech, and W. A. Kennedy, “The reflectarray antenna”, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. AP - 11 , Nov. 1963 , pp. 645 – 651.
[21] R. E. Munson and H. Haddad, “Microstrip reflectarray for satellite communicationand RCS enhancement and reduction”, U.S. patent 4,684,952, Washington, D.C., August 1987, pp. 1031-042.
[22] D. M. Pozar and T. A. Metzler, “Analysis of a reflectarray antenna using microstrip patches of variable size”, Electronics Letters, Vol.29, Issue:8 , April 1993, pp. 657–658.
[23] A. Kelkar, “FLAPS: conformal phased reflecting surfaces”, Proc. IEEE National Radar Conf., Los Angeles, California 3977055, March 1991, pp. 58 – 62.
[24] Y. T. Gao and S. K. Barton, “Phase correcting zonal reflector incorporating rings , ”IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 43 , April 1995 , pp. 350 – 355.
[25] J. Huang and R. J. Pogorzelski, “A Ka - band microstrip reflectarray with elements having variable rotation angles,”IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 46, May 1998, pp. 650 – 656.
[26] J. M. Colin, “Phased array radars in France: present and future”, IEEE symposium on Phased Array System and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts 5614379, October 1996, pp.458 – 462.
[27] D. M. Pozar, S. D. Targonski, and R. Pokuls, “A shaped - beam microstrip patch reflectarray”, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 47, July 1999, pp. 1167 – 1173.
[28] J. Huang ,“Bandwidth study of microstrip reflectarray and a novel phased reflectarray concept”, IEEE AP - S/URSI symposium, Newport Beach, California, Vol.1, June,1995 , pp. 582 – 585.
[29] J. A. Encinar,“Design of two - layer printed reflectarray using patches of variable size,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 49, October 2001, pp. 1403 –1410.
[30] R. E. Munson, H. A. Haddad, and J. W. Hanlen, “Microstrip reflectarray for satellite communications and RCS enhancement or reduction,”US patent 4684952, Aug. 1987, pp. 161-172.
[31] D. G. Gonzalez , G. E. Pollon , and J. F. Walker , “ Microwave phasing structures for electromagnetically emulating reflective surfaces and focusing elements of selected geometry, ” Patent US 4905014 , Feb. 1990, pp. 756-763.
[32] A. W. Robinson , M. E. Bialkowski , and H. J. Song , “ An X - band passive reflect – array using dual - feed aperture - coupled patch antennas”, Asia Pacific Microwave Conference, Vol.3, December 1999, pp. 906 – 909.
[33] M. R. Chaharmir, J. Shaker, M. Cuhaci, and A. Sebak, “Reflectarray with variable slots on ground plane”, IEE Proc. - Microw. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 150 , No. 6,December 2003, pp. 436 – 439.
[34] J. Huang, “A Ka - band microstrip reflectarray with elements having variable rotationangles”, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 46, No. 5, May 1998, pp. 650 – 656.
[35] A. Martynyuk , J. I. Mart ی nez , and N. Martynyuk , “ Spiraphase - type reflectarrays based on loaded ring slot resonators , ” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. , Vol. 52 , No. 1, January 2004, pp. 142 – 153.
[36] J. A. Encinar, “Printed circuit technology multilayer planar reflector and method for the design thereof,” European Patent EP 1120856, June 1999, pp. 541-545.
[37] S. D. Targonski and D. M. Pozar, “Analysis and design of a microstrip reflectarray using patches of variable size”, in Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, AP - S. Digest, Vol.3, June 1994, pp. 1820 – 1823.
[38] D. M. Pozar, “Microstrip reflectarrays myths and realities”, JINA, International Symposium on Antennas, Nice, France, November 2004, pp. 175 – 179.
[39] T. Metzler and D. Shaubert, “Scattering from a stub loaded microstrip antenna”, Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, AP – S. Digest, vol.1, June 1989, pp. 446 – 449.
[40] R. P. Jedlicka, M. T. Poe, and K. R. Carver, “Measured mutual coupling between microstrip antennas”, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 29, Jan.1981, pp. 147 – 149.
[41] D. M. Pozar and D. H. Schaubert, “Analysis of an infi nite array of rectangular microstrip patches with idealized probe feeds”, IEEE Trans. on Antennas Propagat. , Vol. 32, Oct. 1984, pp. 1101 – 1107.
[42] F. Venneri, L. Boccia, G. Angiulli, G. Amendola, and G. Di Massa, “Analysis and design of passive and active reflectarrays ”, Int. Journal of RF and Microwave Computer - Aided Engineering, Volume 13, Issue 5, August 2003, pp. 370 – 377.
[43] N. Kokash., “An introduction to heuristic algorithms”, Research Methodology Course, University of Trento, Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, June 2005.
[44] M. E. Ayndin, T. C. Fogarty, “A Distributed Evolutionary Simulated Annealing Algorithm for Combinatorial Optimization Problems”, Journal of Heuristics vol. 24, no. 10, Mar. 2004, pp. 741-745.
[45] J. Huang, “Bandwidth study of microstrip reflectarray and a novel phased reflectarray concept”, in Antennas and Propagation Society Intl. Symp. 1995. AP - S. Digest, June 1995, pp. 582 – 585.
[46] A. W. Robinson, M. E. Bialkowski and H. J. Song, “An X - band passive reflectarray using dual - feed aperture - coupled patch antennas”, Asia Pacific Microwave Conf., Dec. 1999, pp. 906 – 909.
[47] E. Carrasco, B. Alfageme, and J. A. Encinar, “Design of a multilayer aperture -coupled cell used as phase - shifter in reflectarrays”, Journées Internationales de Nicesur les Antennes, Nice, France, November 2004, pp. 799-806.
[48] E. Carrasco and J. A. Encinar , “ Aperture - coupled patch reflectarray unit cell with a large range of phase delay”, 28th ESA Antenna Workshop on Space Antenna Systems and technologies Noordwijk (The Netherlands), Volume 42, Issue 12, 30May – 3June, 2005, pp. 667 – 668.
[49] E. Carrasco, M. Barba, and J.A. Encinar, “Aperture - coupled reflectarray element with wide range of phase delay”, Electronics Letters, Vol. 42, No. 12, June 2006, pp. 667 – 668.
[50] E. Carrasco, M. Barba, and J. A. Encinar, “Reflectarray element based on aperture -coupled patches with slots and lines of variable length”, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propaga., Vol. 55 , No. 3, March 2007, pp. 820 – 825.
[51] J. A. Encinar, “Printed circuit technology multi - layer planar reflector and method for the design thereof”, European Patent EP 1120856, June 1999, pp. 641-647.
[52] J. A. Encinar, “Design of Two - Layer Printed Reflectarrays Using Patches of Variable Size”, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 49 , No. 10, October 2001, pp. 1403 – 14010.
[53] J. A. Encinar and J. A. Zornoza, “Broadband design of three - layer printed reflectarrays”, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 51, No. 7, July 2003, pp. 1662 – 1664.
[54] M. Bozzi , S. Germani , and L. Perregrini , “ Performance comparison of different element shapes used in printed reflectarrays”, Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters , Volume 2 , Issue 1, 2003, pp. 219 – 222.
[55] N. Misran, R. Cahill, and V. Fusco, “Reflection phase response of microstrip stacked ring elements”, Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 8, April 2002, pp. 356 – 357.
[56] N. Misran , R. Cahill , and V. Fusco , “ Design optimisation of ring elements for broadband reflectarray antennas”, Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, IEE Proceedings , Volume 150 , Issue 6, Dec. 2003, pp. 440 – 444.
[57] M. R. Chaharmir , J. Shaker , M. Cuhaci , and A. Ittipiboon , “ Broadband reflectarray antenna with double cross loops”, Electronics Letters , Volume 42 , Issue 2, Jan. 2006, pp. 65 – 66.
[58] T. N. Chang and Y. C. Wei, “Proximity - coupled microstrip reflectarray”, IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Volume 52 , Issue 2, Feb. 2004, pp. 631 – 635.
[59] D. M. Pozar, “Comments on Proximity - coupled microstrip reflectarray”, IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Volume 52 , Issue 12, Dec. 2004, pp. 3411.
[60] T. N. Chang and H. Suchen, “Microstrip reflectarray with QUAD - EMC element”, IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagat., Volume 53 , Issue 6, June 2005, pp. 1993 – 1997.
[61] D. Cadoret, A. Laisne, R. Gillard, and H. Legay, “New reflectarray cells using coupled microstrip patches loaded with slot”, Intl. Symposium on Antennas, Nice, France, Volume 44, Issue 3, Nov. 2004, pp. 270–272.
[62] D. Cadoret , A. Laisne , R. Gillard , L. Le Coq , and H. Legay , “Design and measurement of new reflectarray antenna using microstrip patches loaded with slot”, Electronics Letters , Volume 41 , Issue 11, May 2005, pp. 623 – 624.
[63] T. Makdissy, R. Gillard, E. Fourn, “A Patch-Slot Combination Approach for Large Band Reflectaarays”, Radar Conference (EuRAD), 9th European, 2012, pp. 221-224.
[64] Sridhar Bilvam, Malathi Kanagasabai, Sandeep Kumar Palaniswamy, Pham Thanh Cong and M. Gulam Nabi Alsath,“ Novel Ku Band Reflectarray Antenna for Satellite Communication”, Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 7(15), April 19, 2014, pp. 3083-3086.
[65] Arezou Edalati, Kamal Sarabandi, “Wideband Reflectarray Antenna Based on Miniaturized Element Frequency Selective Surfaces”, 6th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), 2011, pp. 362-364.
[66] Tiaoming Niu, Withawat Withayachumnankul, Benjamin S.-Y. Ung, Hakan Menekse, Madhu Bhaskaran, Sharath Sriram,and Christophe Fumeaux, “Experimental demonstration of reflectarray antennas at terahertz frequencies”, OPTICS EXPRESS 2875, Vol. 21, No. 3, published 30 Jan 2013, pp. 2875-2889.
[67] A. Fallahi, M. Mishrikey, C. Hafner, R. Vahldieck, “Efficient Procedures for the Optimization of Frequency Selective Surfaces”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,