فهرست:
فصل اول:کلیات
1-1مقدمه(بیان مساله)................................................................................................2
2-1اهداف پژوهش(هدف کلی و اهداف جزئی) ....................................................................8
3-1سوالات پژوهش...................................................................................................9
4- 1تعاریف نظری واژه ها...........................................................................................9
5-1تعاریف عملی واژه ها............................................................................................11
6-1پیش فرض........................................................................................................13
7-1محدودیت های پژوهش..........................................................................................13
فصل دوم:زمینه و پیشینه تحقیق
1-2چارچوب پژوهش................................................................................................15
2-2مروری بر مطالعات.............................................................................................33
فصل سوم:روش اجرای تحقیق
1-3نوع پژوهش.....................................................................................................52
2-3جامعه پژوهش...................................................................................................52
3-3روش نمونه گیری...............................................................................................52
4-3مشخصات واحدهای مورد پژوهش............................................................................54
5-3محیط پژوهش....................................................................................................54
6-3ابزار و روش گردآوری اطلاعات..............................................................................54
7-3تعیین اعتبار و اعتماد علمی ابزار............................................................................56
8-3روش تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها .................................................................................56
9-3ملاحظات اخلاقی................................................................................................58
فصل چهارم:نتایج تحقیق
1-4یافته های پژوهش(جداول و نمودار ها)......................................................................60
2-4جداول و نمودارها..............................................................................................61
فصل پنجم:بحث و بررسی یافته ها
1-5 بحث و تفسیر نتایج پژوهش..................................................................................89
2-5 نتیجه گیری نهایی.............................................................................................104
3-5کاربرد یافته ها............................................................................................................107
4-5پیشنهادات بر اساس یافته ها......................................................................................................109
5-5سایر پیشنهادات..........................................................................................................110
منابع و ماخذ
فهرست منابع فارسی و انگلیسی.................................................................................112
فرم بررسی متغیرهای فردی و نیروی انسانی...................................................................119
فرم بررسی تجهیزات آمبولانس............................................................................................120
فرم بررسی نیروی انسانی حاضر در آمبولانس........................................................................124
فرم بررسی اقدامات اورژانس پیش بیمارستانی.......................................................................125
منبع:
1)Salehi.H,Razmju.A,Survey of Prognosis of trauma caused by vehicle accidents by Injury Severity Score(ISS), Southern Medical Journal, Persian Gulf Health Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, 2006;9(1),pp:45-50
2)Salimi.j.zaree.M.Survey of epidemiologic traumatic patients referred to Golestan hospital in Ahvaz city. payesh magasin,2008;7(2).pp:115-120(text persian)
3)Naghavi,M.shahraz,S.Bhalla,K.Jafary,N.Pourmalek,F.Bartels,D.Puthenpurakal,J.Motlagh,Adverse Health Outcomes of Road Traffic Injuries in Iran after Rapid Motorization,Arch Iranian med,2009;12(3).pp:284-294
4)Hasani.A.Fathi.M.Lasoomi.GH.Hadadi.M.Mohammadi.R. Trauma system before event to return to community(pre-hospital care). Center of management events and emergency medicine in country.Tehran.Movaffagh editor. 2009.pp:40,44,45,72 (text persian)
5)Mogaka.O.Zipporah.N,Oundo.J,Omolo.J,Luman.E, Factors associated with severity of road traffic injuries, Thika, Kenya.pan African medical journal.2011.pp:81-87
6)Wong.Z, Keong Chong.CH, Choo Tai.B, Gilbert.L, A Review of Fatal Road Traffic Accidents in Singapore from 2000 to 2004. Ann Acad Med Singapore,2009(38),pp:594-9
7)Hemmati.H,Yosefzadeh.SH,Dehnadi.A,Mohammadi.H,Ahmadi.M,SHabani.s,Trauma in guilan ,an epidemiologic study. http://journal.tums.ac.ir.April2002.pp:403-408
8)Ebrahimi fakhar.H.Moshiri.A.Zand.S.Survey of quality of emergency care from head trauma patients in emergency department in valie asr arak hospital 2004.scientific research magazine of medicine science arak university,2007;10(3).pp:1-12(text persian)
9)HK, High statistics of road accidents in Iran,2013.available from; http://dw.de/p/18Aog [on line] (text persian)
10)Haghparast-Bidgoli,H.Hasselberg,M.Khankeh,H. Khorasani-Zavareh,D,Barriers and facilitators to provide effective pre-hospital trauma care for road traffic injury victims in iran:a grounded theory approach. emergency medicine.2010;10(20).pp:1-11
11)Bidari.A,Abbasi.S,Farsi.D,Saeedi.H,Mofidi.M,Radmehr.M, Quality Assessment of Prehospital Care Service in Patients Transported to Hazrat-e- Rasoul Akram Hospital.Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences,Period 29;2007(3),pp:43-46(text persian)
12)Sadeghi Hassan Abadi.A, Delkhosh.M. Mehdizadeh. S,Pre-hospital emergency care for patients Traumatic and events.National Conference on Emergency Medicine,2007;pp:1-65
13)Yeguiayan.J,Garrigue.D, Binquet.C, Jacquot.C, Duranteau.J, Martin.C.et al, Medical pre-hospital management reduces mortality in severe blunt trauma: a prospective.epidemiological study.critical care.2011,pp:1-11
14)Quillin.M,Rueden.V,Flynn.H.Trauma nursing from resuscitation through rehabilitation.2002(3).pp:1-55
15)Ayati.E,GHadirian.F,Ahadi.M, Calculate the cost of damage to vehicles in iran road accidents in 2004, Journal of Transportation Research,2008;5(1);pp:1-17
16)Lockey.D.J, Prehospital trauma management. Resuscitation.2001(48).pp:5-15
17)Montazeri.A,Road-traffic-related mortality in iran;a descriptive study. public health.2004(118).pp:110-113
18)CHaralambous.G,Emergency Department: Basic Prerequisites for the Upgrade of the NHS, International Journal of Caring Sciences,2012;5(3);pp:215-216
19)Nasiripour.A,Bahadori.M.Tofighi.S,Gohari.M.Prehospital Care in Iran, landscape design, universal coverage, Journal of Critical Care Nursing, Winter2009;2(4), pp :139-143(text persian)
20)Olive C,Adnan.A, Charle.M. Emergency medical systems in low and middle-income countries. Bull World Health Organ.2005;83(8),pp:626-31
21)Panahi.F,Mohebbi.H, Azizabadi Farahani.M, KHodami.A, Asari.SH, Pre-hospital emergency due to internal problems of children in Tehran,Causes and Consequences of time indices. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics.2007;17(2),pp:179-185(text persian)
22)Rostam nejad.M,Mostafa zadeh.F,Mashufi.M,Survey status of services to patients at the Emergency medical center 115 of Ardabil 2000-2001. (text persian)
23)Maas.A,Stocchtti.N,Bollock.R.,Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in adults. lancet neural.August2008(7).pp:728-741
24)Ramasamy.A,Midwinter.M,Mahoney.P,Clasper.J,Learning the lessons from conflict: Pre-hospital cervical spine stabilization following ballistic neck trauma. Journal Care Injured 2009(40).pp: 1342–1345
25)Michael.M,Dinh.A,Kendall Bein.B,Susan Roncal.C,Christopher.M,Byrne.A,et al, Redefining the golden hour for severe head injury in an urban setting: The effect of prehospital arrival times on patient outcomes, Care Injured ,2012;10(1016),pp:1-5
26)Cooper.J,Myles.P,McDermott.F,Murray.L,Laidlaw.J,Cooper.G,etal,Prehospital Hypertonic Saline Resuscitation of Patients With Hypotension and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, journal American Medical Association(JAMA).2004;291(11),pp:1350-1357
27)Daniel.P,Davis.D, Peay.J, Sise.M, Vilke.G, Kennedy.F, et al, The Impact of Prehospital Endotracheal Intubation on Outcome in Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, The Journal of TRAUMA_ Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 2005(58),pp:933–939.
28)Brambrink.A, Koerner.I, Prehospital advanced trauma life support: how should we
manage the airway, and who should do it? Critical Care, 2004(8),pp:3-5
29)Nikravan mofrad.M, Comprehensive emergency nursing book, Publications Noure Danesh,2008,pp:10(text persian)
30)Tachfouti.N, Bhatti.J, Nejjari.CH, Kanjaa.N, Salmi.R, Emergency Trauma Care for Severe Injuries in a Moroccan Region:Conformance to French and World Health Organization Standards, Journal for Healthcare Quality,2011;33(1),pp:30-38
31)Von elm .E,Schoettker .P , henzi.j ,Osterwalter.j, Walder.B, Prehospital tracheal intubation in patients with traumatic brain injury. British journal of Anaesthesia. 2009; 103(3).pp:371-386
32)Garner.A , Schoettker.p, Efficacy of prehospital interventions for the management of severe blunt head injury. journal injured .2002(33).pp:329-337
33)Soysal .S, Karsioglu .O, Topaglu .H, Yenal .S, Koparan .H, Yaman .O, Evaluation of prehospital emergency care in The field and during the ambulance drive to the hospital .advances in therapy.2005;22(1).pp:44-48
34)Arreola-risa.C,Mock.CH,Lojero-wheatly.L,De la cruz.O, Garcia.C,Canavati.F and et al. Low cost improvements in prehospital trauma care in latin American city.journal of trauma.2000;48(1).pp:119-124
35)Rad.M. Emergency nursing.sabzevar science medicine university.boshra publishere.first edition.2008;pp:3(text persian)
36)CHulay.M,Brenz.S,Atashzadeh.F,Pishguee.A,Heydary.M,Mazhary.M.Noruzzadeh, Necessities in critical care nursing.seconde edition,first print,publisher:Jame negar,Salemi,2011;387-401;71-113;117-152
37)Zoljalali.SH,Soltani.H,Samadi.A,GHorbani.M,Mozaffari.R,Rezvani.F.etal,Pre-hospital emergency medicine(advance).first book,simin dokht publicator.second edition, 2009, pp:1172;3-15(text persian)
38)Andrew.N,Pollak.M. critical care transport. AAOS-American college of emergency physicians.2011.pp:309
39)Nikravan Mofrad.M.Atash zadeh.F.Zahry.S,Managment of traumatic patient(acute care in the first 72Hr after crisis).tehranNour Danesh publishers.first edition.2006.pp:11-15-40(text persian)
40)Abazari.M.khorramnia.S.Soltani.H.SHahrami.A,Ashoorimoghadam.S,GHahramani.H and et al. Pre-hospital emergency medicine(intermediate).ministry of health medical-educational medicine.management events and emergency medicine center.second book.simin dokht publicator.thirth edition.2010.pp:651(text persian)
41)Harrington.D,Connolly.M,Biffl.W,Majercik.SCioffi.W,Transfer Times to Definitive Care Facilities Are Too Long؛A Consequence of an Immature Trauma System, Annals of Surgery,2005;241(6).pp:961-968
42)Macfarlan.C,Benn.C, Evaluation of emergency medical services systems: a
classification to assist in determination of indicators,prehospital care,emergency medicine journal,2003(20);pp:188-191, Downloaded from emj.bmj.com on December 20, 2011 - Published by group.bmj.com.
43)Fayaz.M.derakhshanfar.H.kariman.H.Alavimoghadam.M.sayah far.SH and etal. Comorehensive book of medicine emergencies (ministry of health, medical-educational medicine)Iran .first edition.2004.pp:3(text persian)
44)Bjornstig.U,Prehospital emergency care in sweden– with Special Emphasis on Care of Traffic Victims, transport and emergency medical response system,IATSS research, 2004,28(2),pp:24-31
45)Afzalimoghadam.M.Recognisation of prehospital emergency services.group of emergency medicine Tehran university medical science.Emam Khomeini hospital,2008, pp:1-38(text persian)
46)Statistical book for management events and emergency medicine center in guilan.2011.pp:24-26(text persian)
47)Andrew.N,Pollak.M,Bornes.L,Ciotola.j,Gulli.B,Jones and Bartlett publisher. Emergency care and transportation of the sick and injured. tenth edition.2011.pp:381
48)Gity.A.Emergency nursing.Boshra publisher.first edition.2004.PP:47-54
49)GHafari.F.haghighat pasand.A.shirinkam.F,E mergency nursing(suddenly events and weapons killing all with emphasis on triage).Boshra publisher (Tehran-center of publisher for medical science).first edition.2010.pp:239(text persian)
50)Naghavi.M, Abolhassani.F, Pourmalek.F, Moradi Lakeh.M, Jafari.N,Vaseghi.S and et al. The burden of disease and injury in Iran 2003.Population Health Metrics 2009(7).pp:1-21
51)Pollak.A. Emergency care and transportation of the sick and injured. tenth edition.2011.pp:746
52)Cynthia.j.A, Barnason.S, Delrue.K, Marthahall.M, Weinman.S, Wilson.E, SHeehy,s manual of emergency care. Emergency nurses association sixth edition,2005, pp:597,613,637
53)Tintinalli.J,Stapczynski.S,Ma.J,Cline.D,Cydulka.R,Meckler.G.Emergency Medicine (A comprehensive study guide)III,Roshan Book publishers,2011(7);pp:1671-1680
54)Pante.M.pollak.A.advanced assessment and treatment of trauma. American academy of orthopedics surgeons, jones and Bartlett publisher.2010.pp:37-90
55)Noghabi.A.Bassampour.Sh.Brunner_Suddarths(brain and nerves).Andishe rafi publisher. twelfth edition.2010.pp:135(text persian)
56)Bendall.J,Prehospital trauma life support(PHTLS)Advanced providers cours, Jouranal of emergencyprimary health care,2012,3(1).pp:1-4
57)Ahmadi amoli.H, Tavakoli.H, KHashayar.P, Panahi.F,Alavi moghadam.M,Ahmadi amoli.M, Efficacy of pre-hospital emergency trauma patients referred to Sina hospital from September 2003 to september 2004. Journal of martyr Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Thirteen years.2008(3).pp:203-211(text persian)
58)Helm,m. Hauke,j.Lampl,L. A prospective study of the quality of pre-hospital emergency ventilation in patients with severe head injury.British journal of anaesthesia.2002.88(3). pp:345-349
59)Demyttenaere.S, Nansamba.C, Nganwa.A, Mutto.M, Lett.R, Razek.T, Injury in Kampala, Uganda: 6 years later,Department of surgery,2009(52),pp:146-150
60)Dutton.R, Mackenzie.C, Scalea.T, Hypotensive Resuscitation during Active
Hemorrhage: Impact on In-Hospital Mortality, The Journal of TRAUMA Injury,
Infection and Critical Care, 2002(52),pp:1141–1146
61)Worley.H.Road traffic accidents increase dramatically worldwide(on line).2006. available from: http://www.prb.org/Articles/2006/RoadTrafficAccidentsIncreaseDramatically Worldwide.aspx
62)Zargar.M,Khaji.A,Karbakhsh.M,Pattern of motorcycle-related injuries in
Tehran, 1999 to 2000: A study in 6 hospitals. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal,
2006(12).pp:81-87
63)Ferdosi.T,Serami.GH,Rostami.A, A comparative study of psychological factors in traffic accidents on the basis of gender driver,archive of sid,2010;8(4)pp:141-157(text persian)
64)Zare.M.Kargar.S,Survey of effect of pre-hospital care performed on traumatic patients admitted to hospitals shahid Rahnemun and Afshar Yazd,journal of medical science university shahid Sadughi Yazd ,2005;13(5)pp:25-30(text persian)
65) Staff.T,Sovic.S, A retrospective quality assessment of pre-hospital emergency
medical documentation in motor vehicle accidents in south-eastern Norway,Scandinavian journal of trauma,resuscitation and emergency Nmedicine, 2011;19(20),pp:1-11
66) Ahn.H,Singh.J,Nathens.A,Macdonald.R,Travers.A,etal. Pre-Hospital Care
Management of a Potential Spinal Cord Injured Patient: A Systematic Review of the
Literature and Evidence-Based Guidelinesjournal of neurotrauma,2011(28).pp:1341-
1361
67) Davis.D,Peay.J,Sise.M,Vilke.G,Kennedy.F,Eastman.B, The Impact of Prehospital
Endotracheal Intubation on Outcome in Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain
Injury,jouranal of trauma injury,infection,and critical care,2004,58(5),pp:933-939
68)Nazari.R,Bijani.A.Haji Hoseini.F,Beheshti.Z,SHarifnia.H,Hojati.H, Mortality rate and severity of injuries resulting from traffic accidents in patients admitted to the hospital 17 September Amol in 2007,journal of medical science university.2010;13(1),,pp:76-81(text persian)
69)Abdi.H,SHahbazi.L, Occupational stress in nurses in the intensive care unit and its relationship to burn out, Journal of Medical Sciences and Services of Health and therapeutic shahid sadughi Yazd,2001;9(3),pp:64-70(text persian)
70)Masaki.A, Job stress among nurses in publichospitals in Ratchaburiprovince, Thailand, Copyright of mahidol university, 2010,pp:1-75
71)KHorasani-Zavareh.D,KHankeh.H,Mohammadi.R,Laflamme.L,Bikmoradi.A, Haglund.B, Post-crash management of road traffic injury victims in Iran.Stakeholders' views on current barriers and potential facilitators,Bio Med Central Emergency Medicine,2009;9(8);pp:1-8