پایان نامه جذب یون های فلزات سنگین با استفاده از نانو کامپوزیت‌ های کیتوسانگرافن

فهرست:

چکیده.................................................................................................................................................1

مقدمه............................................................................................................................................2

2-مباحث نظری و مروری بر کارهای انجام‌شده…  5

2-1-کیتین و کیتوسان. 5

2-1-1-ساختار کیتین و کیتوسان. 6

2-1-2-خصوصیات کیتین و کیتوسان. 8

2-1-3-خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی کیتین و کیتوسان. 8

2-1-4-کاربردهای کیتین و کیتوسان. 8

2-2-گرافن. 9

2-3-کاربرد کیتین و کیتوسان در حذف یون‌های فلزات سنگین. 10

2-4-جذب یون‌های فلزات سنگین با استفاده از گرافن و مشتقات آن. 20

2-5-فرآیند جذب.. 24

2-5-1-جذب سطحی.. 24

2-5-2-تعادل جذب سطحی.. 24

2-5-3-عوامل مؤثر بر سرعت جذب سطحی.. 25

2-5-3-ب‌- اثر pH................................................................................................................ 25

2-5-3-ت‌-طبیعت فاز جذب شده. 25

2-5-3-ث‌-کشش سطحی.. 25

2-5-4-ترمودینامیک جذب سطحی.. 25

2-5-5-سامانه‌های جذب سطحی   26

2-5-6-جاذب ها…... 30

2-6-روش‌های تهیه و سنتز گرافن. 32

2-6-1-روش‌های پایین به بالا. 32

2-6-2-روش‌های تولید بالا به پایین. 33

2-6-2-ب‌-گرافیت اکساید. 35

2-7-عامل دار کردن شیمیایی گرافن. 41

2-7-1-عامل دار کردن کووالانسی.. 42

2-7-2-عامل دار کردن غیرکووالانسی.. 50

2-7-3-تثبیت کردن در یک محیط یونی.. 54

2-7-4-به طور مستقیم از گرافیت.. 56

2-8-نانو کامپوزیت‌های گرافن/پلیمر و روش تولید آنها 58

2-8-1-پلیمریزاسیون درجای تعاملی.. 59

2-8-2-تعامل حلالی.. 59

2-8-3-روش تعاملی مذاب.. 60

3-کارهای عملی...........................................................................................................................61

3-1مواد.. 61

3-1-1-کیتوسان..  61

3-1-2-گرافن......................................................................................................................62

3-1-3-تری اتیلن تترامین. 62

3-1-4-پلی اتیلن گلایکول. 62

3-1-5-فرمالدهید  62

3-1-6-اتیل استات.. 62

3-1-7-اسید سولفوریک    62

3-1-8-اسید نیتریک... 63

3-1-9-سود سوزآور 63

3-1-10-نمک کادمیوم نیترات.. 63

3-1-11-تیونیل کلراید. 63

3-1-12-سدیم.....................................................................................................................63

3-1-13-تتراهیدروفوران. 63

3-1-14-دی متیل فرمامید. 64

3-1-15-بنزوفنون  64

3-2-تجهیزات.... 64

3-2-1-رفلاکس... 64

3-2-2-فیلتریزاسیون خلا.. 64

3-2-3-همزن لرزان. 64

3-2-4-دستگاه pH  متر. 65

3-3-نمونه‌سازی. 65

3-3-1-اکسید گرافن. 65

3-3-2-آسیلاسیون نانو گرافن. 66

3-3-3-عامل دار کردن نانوگرافن. 66

3-3-4-دانه کیتوسان. 67

3-3-5-نانوکامپوزیت دانه کیتوسان. 67

3-3-6-خشک کردن دانه ها 68

3-3-7-روش ساخت محلول یونی کادمیوم. 68

3-3-8-روش خشک کردن دی متیل فرمامید. 68

3-3-9-روش خشک کردن تتراهیدروفوران  69

3-4-تعیین مشخصات.. 71

3-4-1-دستگاه طیف‌سنجی زیر قرمز تبدیل فوریه. 71

3-4-2-تجزیه وزن سنجی گرمایی (TGA) 71

3-4-3-ریزبین الکترونی روبشی (SEM) 72

3-4-4- سیستم آنالیز عنصری EDX.. 74

3-4-5-دستگاه طیف سنجی جذب اتمی شعله (FAAS) 74

4-نتیجه‌گیری و بحث.....................................................................................................................76

4-1-تعیین مشخصات گرافن عامل دار شده. 76

4-1-1-طیف‌سنجی زیر قرمز تبدیل فوریه. 76

4-1-2-تجزیه وزن سنجی گرمایی.. 78

4-1-3-ریخت‌شناسی نانو ذرات با استفاده از ریزبین الکترونی روبشی.....................................79

4-1-4-بررسی تخلخل نانوکامپوزیت ها 82

4-2-بررسی اثر تورم و جذب آب نانو کامپوزیت‌های کیتوسان. 85

4-3-جذب یون کادمیوم از محلول‌های آبی توسط نانوکامپوزیت هیدروژل های کیتوسان گرافن عامل دار شده..............................................................................................................................................86

4-3-1-به دست آوردن میزان جاذب بهینه جهت جذب یون کادمیوم. 86

4-3-2-به دست آوردن میزان pH بهینه در جذب یون کادمیوم. 88

4-3-3-به دست آوردن زمان تماس بهینه جهت جذب یون کادمیوم. 90

4-3-4-به دست آوردن میزان غلظت یون کادمیوم جهت جذب بهینه یون کادمیوم. 91

5-نتیجه‌گیری و پیشنهاد‌ها..............................................................................................................93

مراجع...........................................................................................................................................95

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