پایان نامه بررسی جذب و رهایش داروی اکسی تتراسایکلین بر روی گرافن اکساید عامل دار شده

فهرست:

چکیده ...........................................................................................................................................................1

فصل اول_گرافن و رهایش............................................................................................................................2

1-1 مقدمه ....................................................................................................................................................3

1-2 آلوتروپ های کربن ..............................................................................................................................4

۱-۲-۱ الماس ...............................................................................................................................................6

۱-۲-۱-۱ خواص الماس .............................................................................................................................6

۱-۲-۲ گرافیت ............................................................................................................................................7

 گرافن ................................................................................................................................................83-2-1

۱-۲-۴ فولرن ...............................................................................................................................................9

۱-۳ تعریف نانو ذرات ................................................................................................................................10

1-4 پیشینه فناوری نانو ..............................................................................................................................12

۱-۵ تاریخچه گرافن ...................................................................................................................................13

۱-۶ ساختار گرافن ......................................................................................................................................14

۱-۷ شناسایی اکسید گرافن .........................................................................................................................15

۱-۸ ساخت گرافن ......................................................................................................................................16

۱-۸-۱ روش ازپایین به بالا .........................................................................................................................16

۱-۸-۲ روش از بالا به پایین ........................................................................................................................18

1-9 ارتقاء کیفیت اکسید گرافن ......................................................................................................................21

۱-۱۰ ویژگی های گرافن ................................................................................................................................22

1-11 کاربرد گرافن .........................................................................................................................................23

1-12 رهایش ...................................................................................................................................................25

1-12-1 سیستم رهایش و گوارش در سگ......................................................................................................26

فصل دوم_ اکسی تتراسایکلین و جذب سطحی ..............................................................................................27

2-1 آنتی بیوتیک ..............................................................................................................................................28

2-1-1 تاریخچه آنتی بیوتیک ..........................................................................................................................28

2-1-2 انواع آنتی‌بیوتیکها و مکانیسم اثر ..........................................................................................................29

2-2 تتراسایکلین ..............................................................................................................................................30

2-3 اکسی تتراسایکلین ....................................................................................................................................30

2-3-1 خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی اکسی تتراسایکلین .............................................................................30

2-3-2 موارد مصرف دارو ...............................................................................................................................31

2-3-3  مکانیسم اثر دارو .................................................................................................................................32

2-3-4 فارماکوکنتیک دارو ...............................................................................................................................32

2-3-5 موارد منع مصرف دارو .........................................................................................................................32

2-3-6دوره پرهیز از مصرف دارو ....................................................................................................................32

2-3-7 شرایط نگهداری دارو ...........................................................................................................................33

2-3-8 شناسایی پودر اکسی تتراسایکلین .........................................................................................................33

2-3-9 دفع .......................................................................................................................................................33

2-3-10 موارد منع مصرف و احتیاط  برای سگ ............................................................................................33

2-3-11 دوز دارو برای سگ............................................................................................................................34

2-4 جذب سطحی ..........................................................................................................................................34

2-4-1 انواع جذب سطحی .............................................................................................................................35

2-4-2 اساس پدیده ی جذب سطحی ............................................................................................................36

2-4-3 گستره ی جذب سطحی ......................................................................................................................36

2-4-4 ایزوترم های جذب .............................................................................................................................36

2-4-5 ایزوترم جذب فروندلیچ ......................................................................................................................37

2-4-6 ایزوترم جذب لانگمویر .......................................................................................................................39

2-4-7 ایزوترم لانگمویر برای جذب مایع روی جامد ....................................................................................42

2-4-8 ایزوترم اصلاح شده ی لانگمویر .........................................................................................................43

2-4-9 ایزوترم لانگمویر-فروندلیچ (معادله ی سیپس) ...................................................................................44

2-4-10 ایزوترم برونر-ایمت-تلر ....................................................................................................................45

2-4-11 ایزوترم ردلیچ – پترسون ....................................................................................................................47

۲-۴-12 ایزوترم –تمکین ................................................................................................................................48

2-4-13 عوامل موثر بر جذب ........................................................................................................................49

فصل سوم_ روش انجام کار ............................................................................................................................51

3-1هدف انجام آزمایش...................................................................................................................................52

3-2 مواد شیمیایی، وسایل و دستگاه ها مورد استفاده در این آزمایش ............................................................52

۳-2-1دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﺎی اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه در آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ...................................................................................................52

۳-2-2- مواد شیمیایی جهت ساخت گرافن ...................................................................................................53

۳-2-3 دستگاه های مورد استفاده جهت ساخت گرافن ..................................................................................54

۳-2-4 ﻣﻮاد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه در ﻋﺎﻣﻞ دار ﻛﺮدن اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﮔﺮاﻓﻦ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ اﭘﻲ ﻛﻠﺮو ﻫﻴﺪرﻳﻦ .....................................54

3-2-5 ﻣﻮاد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه در ﻋﺎﻣﻞ دار ﻛﺮدن و ارﺗﻘﺎء ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﮔﺮاﻓﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ دار ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ اﭘﻲ ﻛﻠﺮو ﻫﻴﺪرﻳﻦ و ﺳﻴﺒﺎﻛﺮون ﺑﻠﻮ ..............................................................................................................................55

۳-2-6 ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻫﺎ و واﻛﻨﺸﮕﺮها .................................................................................................................55

۳-۲-۶-۱ استوک اکسی تترا سایکلین ........................................................................................................55

۳-2-6-2 بافرها .........................................................................................................................................55

۳-3 ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺳﻨﺘﺰ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﮔﺮاﻓﻦ ...................................................................................................................56

3-4 پیوند شیمیایی اکسید گرافن با اپی کلرو هیدرین ................................................................................59

3-5 کوپل اکسید گرافن پیوند داده شده با سیباکرون بلو ............................................................................59

۳-6 جذب داروی اکسی تترا سایکلین به وسیله ی اکسید گرافن عامل دار شده .......................................60

3-6-1 بررسی اثر pH بر جذب داروی اکسی تتراسایکلین.........................................................................60

3-6-2 تعیین غلظت بهینه جذب دارو بروی اکسید گرافن..........................................................................61

3-7 ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ رهایش داروی اکسی تترا سایکلین در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺳﺎزی ﺷﺪه معده سگ ............................ 62

فصل چهارم_ بحث و نتیجه گیری .............................................................................................................63

4-1 شناسایی و بررسی اکسید گرافن سنتز شده بوسیله ی طیفUV-VIS ............................................64

4-2 ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﺋﻲ و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﮔﺮاﻓﻦ ﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺷﺪه بوسیله ی طیف FT-IR ...............................................64

4-2-1 طیف FT-IR اکسید گرافن .........................................................................................................64

4-2-2  ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﮔﺮاﻓﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ دار ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ اﭘﻲ ﻛﻠﺮو ﻫﻴﺪرﻳﻦ ............................................................66

4-2-3بررسی کیفیت اکسید گرافن عامل دار شده با اپی کلرو هیدرین و سیبا کرون بلو با  FT-IR ......68

4-3 مطالعه و بررسی ایزوترم های جذب ................................................................................................70

4-4 نمودارهای جذب ............................................................................................................................72

4-5 ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺟﺬب داروی اکسی تتراسایکلین ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﮔﺮاﻓﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ دار ﺷﺪه ..............................73

4-5-1 مطالعه و بررسی اثر pH بر جذب داروی اکسی تتراسایکلین ...................................................73

4-5-2 بررسی غلظت جذب شونده بر روی جاذب..............................................................................74

4-6 ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ رهایش داروی اکسی تتراسایکلین در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ معده سگ ...................................................75

4-7 نتیجه گیری ..................................................................................................................................76

فهرست منابع .......................................................................................................................................77

چکیده انگلیسی ...................................................................................................................................82

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