پایان نامه تحقیق تجربی پارامتر های موثر بر روی پیل سوختی میکروبی تک محفظه ای با ساختار حلقوی با استفاده از پساب صنایع شکلات سازی

فهرست:

فصل اول: مقدمه

   پیشگفتار. خ‌

1- 1  افزایش جمعیت و نیاز به انرژی.. 1

1- 2  سوخت های فسیلی و چالش های کنونی.. 2

1-3   انرژی های تجدید پذیر. 3

1- 4  تولید الکتریسیته بیولوژیکی با استفاده از فناوری های پیل سوختی میکروبی.. 3

1-5   تاریخچه پیل های سوختی میکروبی.. 4

1-6   کاربرد های پیل سوختی.. 7

1-6-1   تولید انرژی تجدید پذیر با استفاده از پیل سوختی میکروبی.. 7

1-6-2   استفاده از پیل سوختی میکروبی جهت تصفیه فاضلاب.. 8

1-6-3   فرایند پیل سوختی میکروبی برای تولید هیدروژن.. 9

1-6-4   بیوسنسور. 9

1-7   انتقال الکترون به الکترود ها 9

1-7-1   مکانیزم انتقال الکترون.. 9

1-8   انواع پیل های سوختی میکروبی.. 12

1-9   پیل های سوختی میکروبی.. 13

1-9-1   مواد تشکیل دهنده الکترود آند. 14

1-9-1-1   کربن ورقه ای، پارچه ای، فوم ها 15

1-9-1-2   میله ها، نمد ها، فوم ها، صفحات و تخته های گرافیتی.. 15

1-9-1-3   دانه های گرافیتی.. 17

1-9-1-4 رشته ها و برس های گرافیتی 17

1-9-2   مواد تشکیل دهنده الکترود کاتد. 18

1-9-2-1   کاتد های کربنی با کاتالیست های پلاتینی.. 19

1-9-2-2   بایندر. 19

1-9-2-3   لایه های نفوذ. 20

1-9-2-4   پلاتین و فلزاتی با پوشش های پلاتینی.. 20

1-9-3   غشاء ها و جدا کننده ها 20

1-10   محاسبه ولتاژ. 21

1-11   بیشینه ولتاژ براساس روابط ترمودینامیکی.. 22

1-11   محاسبه توان.. 23

1-12-1   نرمالیزه کردن توان خروجی پیل سوختی میکروبی تک محفظه‌ای‌.. 23

1-12-1-1   توان خروجی نرمالایز شده به مساحت سطح آند. 24

1-12-1-1   توان خروجی نرمالایز شده به مساحت سطح کاتد. 24

1-12-1-2   توان خروجی نرمالایز شده با حجم خالی بستر پیل.. 24

1-13   منحنی های پلاریزاسیون و چگالی توان.. 25

1-14   عوامل تاثیر گذار بر روی ولتاژ پیل سوختی میکروبی.. 27

1-15   نکاتی مهم و کوتاه در مورد باکتریها و شرایط متابولیسم آنها 29

   فصل دوم : مروری بر پژوهش های پیشین

   پیشگفتار. 32

2-1   پیکربندی.. 33

2-2   سیستم های پیل سوختی تک محفظه‌ای‌.. 33

2-3   مروری بر الکترود های به کار گرفته شده در پیل سوختی میکروبی.. 36

2-4   مروری بر پژوهش های صورت گرفته در زمینه پساب های استفاده شده. 39

2-4-1   استات.. 40

2-4-2   گلوکز. 40

2-4-3   توده زیستی لیگنوسلولزی.. 41

2-4-4   پساب کارخانجات آبجو سازی.. 41

2-4-5   پساب خروجی از کارخانجات تولید نشاسته. 42

2-4-6   شیرابه زباله. 42

2-4-7  پساب ساختگی.. 43

        فصل سوم : سامانه مورد آزمایش، مواد، روش‌ها و نحوه محاسبات

         پیشگفتار. 45

3-1   طراحی، ساخت و راه اندازی پیل سوختی بیولوژیکی.. 46

3-1-1   بدنه پیل سوختی میکروبی تک محفظه‌ای‌.. 46

3-1-2   الکترود کاتد. 49

3-1-3   الکترود آند. 53

3-2   دستگاه های مورد استفاده. 55

3-2-1   سیستم ثبت ولتاژ در طول زمان.. 55

3-2-2   دستگاه اسپکتروفتومتر. 55

3-2-3   دستگاه اندازه گیری pH.. 56

3-2-4   دستگاه آون.. 56

3-2-5   دستگاه سانتریفیوژ. 56

3-2-6   دستگاه انکوباتور. 57

3-2-7   ترازو. 57

3-2-8   میکروسکوپ الکترونی پویشی.. 57

3-2-9   دستگاه اولتراسونیک... 59

3-2-10   دستگاه کدورت سنج.. 59

3-3   آزمایشات انجام شده. 59

3-3-1   آزمایش COD.. 60

3-3-1-1   محلول اسید سولفوریک... 60

3-3-1-2   محلول هاضم.. 60

3-3-1-3   منحنی استاندارد برای سنجش COD.. 61

3-3-2   اندازه گیری غلظت گلوکز. 61

3-3-3   اندازه گیری کل مواد جامد (TS) 63

3-3-4   اندازه گیری کل جامدات معلق (TSS) 63

3-3-5   اندازه گیری کدورت.. 64

3-3-6   اندازه گیری دما 64

3-3-7   اندازه گیری pH.. 64

3-3-8   غنی سازی میکروبی پیل سوختی و سازگاری میکرو ارگانیسیم ها با پساب.. 65

3-4   نحوه انجام محاسبات.. 69

3-4-1   اندازه گیری جریان و توان.. 69

3-4-2   نمودار پلاریزاسیون، چگالی توان و اندازه گیری مقاومت درونی.. 69

3-4-3   محاسبه بازدهی عملیاتی پیل سوختی میکروبی.. 70

فصل چهارم: بحث و نتایج

4       پیشگفتار. 72

4-1   اندازه گیری ولتاژ مدار باز. 73

4-2   تاثیر مقاومت خارجی بر عملکرد پیل سوختی میکروبی تک محفظه‌ای‌.. 77

4-2-1   اعمال مقاومت های خارجی پایین‌تر ‌و مقایسه عملکرد سیستم.. 80

4-2-2   اعمال مقاومت خارجی 100 و 50 اهم.. 84

4-2-3   نمودار پلاریزاسیون و چگالی توان.. 88

4-2-4   بررسی کاهش کدورت پساب.. 91

4-2-5   بررسی کاهش اکسیژن خواهی شیمیایی.. 92

4-3   بررسی اثر دما بر فعالیت پیل سوختی میکروبی، جریان و چگالی توان.. 93

4-4   بررسی اثر pH بر عملکرد پیل سوختی میکروبی.. 95

4-5   بررسی تأثیر غلظت پساب بر عملکرد سامانه. 96

4-6   منحنی مصرف قند. 99

4-7   محاسبه بازدهی عملیاتی پیل سوختی میکروبی تک محفظه ای.. 99

4-7-1   بازدهی پتانسیل (PE) 99

4-7-2   بازده کلومبیک (CE) 100

4-7-3   بازدهی تبدیل انرژی (ECE) 102

4-8   مقایسه عملکرد پیل سوختی میکروبی.. 102

4-9   ریخت شناسی زیست لایه تشکیل شده بر سطح الکترود آند. 102

فصل پنجم: نتیجه گیری و پیشنهادات

5-1   نتیجه گیری.. 104

5-2   پیشنهادات.. 107

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