پایان نامه مطالعه آزمایشگاهی حذف کادمیوم از آب آشامیدنی

فهرست:

فصل اول: مقدمه

1-1- پیشگفتار .....................................................................................................................................

1-2- معرفی کادمیوم .........................................................................................................................

1-2-1- خواص فیزیکی کادمیوم .....................................................................................................

1-2-2- کاربردهای کادمیوم .............................................................................................................

1-2-3- منابع آلوده­کننده آب ..........................................................................................................

1-2-4- مواجهه انسان با آلودگی کادمیوم ............................................................................

1-2-5- اثرات کادمیوم بر روی سلامتی ........................................................................................

1-3- کربنات کلسیم ...........................................................................................................................

1-3-1- شکل­های کریستالی کربنات کلسیم ...............................................................................

1-4- کریستالیزاسیون ........................................................................................................................

1-4-1- فوق اشباعیت .......................................................................................................................

1-4-2- مکانیسم تشکیل بلور ..........................................................................................................

1-4-3- مکانیسم رشد بلور ...............................................................................................................

1-4-4- عوامل تجربی تعیین کننده اندازه ذرات .........................................................................

1-4-5- اثر اختلاط بر فرایند تبلور .................................................................................................

1-4-6- ترسیب ...................................................................................................................................

1-4-7-  صاف کردن و شستشوی رسوب ......................................................................................

فصل دوم: مروری بر تحقیقات گذشته

عنوان   

2-1- پیشگفتار .....................................................................................................................................

2-2- تکنیک­های حذف کادمیوم .....................................................................................................

2-2-1- روش­های شیمیایی .............................................................................................................

2-2-2- همرسوبی ..............................................................................................................................

2-2-3- تکنیک جداسازی غشا ........................................................................................................

2-2-4- تکنیک تبادل یونی .............................................................................................................

2-2-5- تکنیک استخراج با حلال ...................................................................................................

2-2-6- تکنیک جذب ........................................................................................................................

2-3- نتایج ............................................................................................................................................

فصل سوم: آزمایشگاهی

3-1- شرح دستگاه آزمایش ..............................................................................................................

3-2- روش تهیه محلول­های آزمایش .............................................................................................

3-3- روش آزمایش .............................................................................................................................

3-4- دستگاه­های آنالیز استفاده شده در آزمایشات ....................................................................

3-4-1- دستگاه جذب اتمی .............................................................................................................

3-4-2-  میکروسکوپ الکترونی روبشی .........................................................................................

3-4-3- طیف سنج پراش اشعه ایکس ...........................................................................................

فصل چهارم: بحث و نتیجه­گیری

4-1- تاثیر pH .....................................................................................................................................

4-2- تاثیر شدت جریان تزریق ........................................................................................................

4-3- تاثیر شدت همزدن ...................................................................................................................

4-4- تاثیر غلظت واکنشگرها ...........................................................................................................

4-5- تاثیر غلظت اولیه کادمیوم ......................................................................................................

4-6- تاثیر دما ......................................................................................................................................

4-7- تاثیر جابجایی واکنشگرها .......................................................................................................

عنوان   

4-8- تاثیر حضور و عدم حضور دانه­های اولیه ..............................................................................

4-9- اثر افزایش کربنات آمونیوم به جای کربنات سدیم ...........................................................

4-10- اثر استفاده از پساب یک واحد صنعتی .............................................................................

4-11- تعیین مکانیسم همرسوبی ...................................................................................................

4-12- ضریب توزیع ...........................................................................................................................

4-13- سختی آب ...............................................................................................................................

4-14- حذف کادمیوم از نمونه واقعی ............................................................................................

4-15- عکس­برداری SEM ...............................................................................................................

4-16- آنالیز XRD ............................................................................................................................

4-17- درصد خطا آزمایش­ها ..........................................................................................................

فصل پنجم: نتیجه­گیری و پیشنهادات

5-1- نتیجه­گیری کلی .......................................................................................................................

5-2- پیشنهادات .................................................................................................................................

فهرست منابع و مآخذ

منابع فارسی ..........................................................................................................................................

منابع انگلیسی .......................................................................................................................................

منبع:

اسدی فرد، رضا. تیلکی، رضا. رنجبر، مهدی. دینی، مهدی. عرب، اصغر. قجاوند، مجید. کارگری، علیرضا و مرادی، امید (1385)." آشنایی با تجهیزات آزمایشگاهی فناوری نانو (اندازه­گیری و تعیین مشخصات)". ویرایش چهارم، تهران: دبیرخانه ستاد ویژه توسعه فناوری نانو.

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موسسه استاندارد و تحقیقات صنعتی ایران، آب آشامیدنی – ویژگی­های فیزیکی و شیمیایی، کمیسیون فنی تدون استاندارد، شماره استاندارد 1053، تجدید نظر پنجم،  1388.

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