پایان نامه تهیه بیو گاز از پارچه های مواد پسماندی

فهرست:

فهرست مطالب............................................................................................................................................................... هشت

فهرست شکل‌ها............................................................................................................................................................ یازده

فهرست جدول‌ها.......................................................................................................................................................... دوازده

فصل اول                                                                                                                                    2

1-1 اهمیت پروژه............................................................................................................................................................. 2

1-2 هدف......                                                                                                                                                                    3

1-3 کارهای مرتبط انجام‌گرفته....................................................................................................................................... 4

1-4 ساختار کلی پایان‌نامه............................................................................................................................................ 6

فصل دوم                                                                                                                                    7

2-1 اهمیت سوخت‌های زیستی..................................................................................................................................... 7

2-2 بیوگاز....................................................................................................................................................................... 8

2-2-1 فرآیند تولید بیوگاز....................................................................................................................................... 8

2-3 اتانول و اهمیت تولید آن........................................................................................................................................ 10

2-4 سوبسترا و خوراک................................................................................................................................................ 10

2-5 اطلاعات آماری از تولید جهانی الیاف.................................................................................................................... 11

2-6 اثرات زیست محیطی الیاف نساجی پسماند...................................................................................................... 11

2-7 راهکارهای مدیریت الیاف نساجی زائد................................................................................................................. 12

2-7-1 استفاده مجدد.................................................................................................................................................... 12

2-7-2 بازیافت.......................................................................................................................................................... 12

2-8 طبقه‌بندی الیاف................................................................................................................................................... 15

2-9 الیاف پلی‌استر....................................................................................................................................................... 15

2-10 خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی پلی‌اتیلن ترفتالات........................................................................................... 16

2-10-1 هیدرولیز قلیایی پلی‌استر.......................................................................................................................... 17

2-11 پنبه...................................................................................................................................................................... 18

2-11-1 ساختار الیاف پنبه.......................................................................................................................................... 18

2-11-2 ساختار سلولز.................................................................................................................................................. 21

2-11-3 حلال‌های سلولز.............................................................................................................................................. 23

2-12 پیش‌فرآوری............................................................................................................................................................ 24

2-12-1پیش‌فرآوری با کربنات سدیم...................................................................................................................... 24

2-13 هیدرولیز.............................................................................................................................................................. 25

2-13-1 هیدرولیز اسیدی....................................................................................................................................... 25

2-13-2 هیدرولیز آنزیمی...................................................................................................................................... 26

2-14 تخمیر.................................................................................................................................................................. 26

فصل سوم: مواد و روش انجام آزمایش‌ها                                                                                              28

3-1 مواد مورد استفاده................................................................................................................................................. 28

3-1-1 پارچه پنبه-پلی‌استر و پنبه خالص........................................................................................................................ 28

3-1-2 کربنات سدیم................................................................................................................................................. 29

3-1-3 آنزیمهای مورد استفاده در هیدرولیز آنزیمی...................................................................................................... 29

3-1-4 مخمر استفاده شده  در تخمیر....................................................................................................................... 29

3-1-5 کیت گلوکز..................................................................................................................................................... 29

3-1-6 سایر مواد مورد نیاز.......................................................................................................................................... 29

3-2 مخلوط میکروبی.................................................................................................................................................. 29

3-3 تجهیزات به کار رفته.............................................................................................................................................. 30

3-3-1 حمام روغن....................................................................................................................................................... 30

3-3-2 حمام آب........................................................................................................................................................... 30

3-3-3 اتوکلاو............................................................................................................................................................. 30

3-3-4 کوره................................................................................................................................................................. 30

3-3-5 آون................ 30

3-3-6 راکتور.............................................................................................................................................................. 30

3-3-7 شیکر انکوباتور............................................................................................................................................... 30

3-3-8 سانتریفوژ........................................................................................................................................................ 31

3-3-9 اسپکتروفوتومتر............................................................................................................................................. 31

3-3-10 دستگاه کروماتوگرافی گازی......................................................................................................................... 31

3-3-11 دستگاه کروماتوگرافی مایع با بازده بالا........................................................................................................... 31

3-3-12 سایر تجهیزات مورد نیاز............................................................................................................................ 32

3-4 روش انجام آزمایش‌ها.............................................................................................................................................. 32

3-4-1 تعیین مقدار جامدات کل و جامدات فرار...................................................................................................... 32

3-4-2 آنالیز ترکیب‌ها............................................................................................................................................. 33

3-4-3 عملیات پیش‌فرآوری.................................................................................................................................... 33

3-4-4 آزمایش تولید بیوگاز در سیستم ناپیوسته................................................................................................... 34

3-4-5 اندازه‌گیری و آنالیز بیوگاز تولید شده........................................................................................................ 35

3-4-6 هیدرولیز آنزیمی........................................................................................................................................ 36

3-4-7 تعیین میزان قند آزاد شده از هیدرولیز آنزیمی....................................................................................... 36

3-4-8 تخمیر.............................................................................................................................................................. 37

3-4-9 ظرفیت جذب آب............................................................................................................................................... 37

3-4-10 بررسی ساختار ترکیب‌ها............................................................................................................................... 37

فصل چهارم: ارائه و تحلیل نتایج                                                       Error! Bookmark not defined.

4-1 مشخصات مخلوط میکروبی................................................................................................................................ 38

4-2 پیش‌فرآوری.............................................................................................................................................................. 39

4-2-1 مقدار جامدات کل و جامدات فرار پنبه و پارچه................................................................................................. 39

4-2-2 بررسی تغییرات سطح پنبه در اثر پیش‌فرآوری با استفاده از تصاویر میکروسکوپ الکترونی رویشی           40

4-2-3 نتایج حاصل از FTIR و بررسی بلورینگی و ساختار سلولز............................................................................. 42

نه

4-2-4 نتایج میزان جذب آب نمونه ها...................................................................................................................... 44

4-3 ترکیب درصد فاز جامد و مایع بدست‌آمده‌از پیش‌فرآوری...................................................................................... 46

4-3-1 موازنه جرم کلی فرآیند.................................................................................................................................... 46

4-3-2 ترکیبات محلول حاصل از پیش‌فرآوری......................................................................................................... 46

4-3-3 ترکیبات جامد باقی‌مانده از پیش‌فرآوری........................................................................................................ 46

4-3-4 بررسی ساختار پلی‌استر...................................................................................................................................... 47

4-4 تولید بیوگاز........................................................................................................................................................... 48

4-4-1 مقادیر متان حاصل از هضم بی‌هوازی.............................................................................................................. 48

4-4-2 کیفیت بیوگاز تولیدی............................................................................................................................... 52

4-5 نتایج تولید اتانول.................................................................................................................................................. 53

4-5-1 نتایج حاصل از هیدرولیز آنزیمی............................................................................................................... 53

4-5-2 نتایج حاصل از تخمیر................................................................................................................................... 55

فصل پنجم:نتیجه گیری و ارائه پیشنهادات

5-1 مقدمه................................................................................................................................................................... 57

5-2 نتایج کلی حاصل از تحقیق................................................................................................................................... 57

5-3 پیشنهاد ها........................................................................................................................................................... 59

 مراجع

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