پایان نامه تولید بیو پلیمر پلی هیدروکسی آلکانوآت ها وبررسی امکان استفاده آن ها در نانوکامپوزیت های پلیمری

فهرست:

اول- مروری بر مطالعات پیشین

1-1- میکروارگانیسم­های تولیدکننده پلی­هیدروکسی­آلکانوات­ها ............................................................ 7

 1-2- کوپلیمرهای هیدروکسی­آلکانوات  ..............................................................................................11

1-3- نحوه سنتز بیوپلیمرهای هیدروکسی­آلکانوات.................................................................................14

1-4- منابع ارزان­قیمت کربنی در تولید پلیمرهای PHA ........................................................................15

1-5- سنتز پلی­هیدروکسی­آلکانوات­ها در گیاهان...................................................................................16

1-6- اندازه­گیری کمی بیوپلیمرها..........................................................................................................18

1-7- خواص فیزیکی و موارد استفاده پلیمرهای زیستی......................................................................... 19

1-8- قابلیت تجزیه­پذیری پلی­هیدروکسی­آلکانوات­ها............................................................................21

1-9- فرایند تولید پلی هیدروکسی آلکانوآتها........................................................................................23

1-9-1- فرایند  غیر پیوسته....................................................................................................................23

1-9-2- فرایند نیمه پیوسته و پیوسته.......................................................................................................24

1-10- مدل سینتیکی رشد میکروارگانیسم.............................................................................................28

1-10-1- بررسی سینتیک رشد در فرایند غیر پیوسته..............................................................................31

1  -11- تعیین ضریب انتقال اکسیژن  دربیوراکتور..................................................................................33

1-11-1- روشهای اندازه گیری   ...................................................................................................33

 عنوان                                                                                                        صفحه

1-12- استفاده پلی­هیدروکسی­آلکانوات­ها در صنایع ...............................................................................36

1-13- کاربرد بیوپلیمر ها در نانوکامپوزیتهای پلیمری..............................................................................39

1-13-1-  انواع نانوکامپوزیتهای پلیمری ................................................................................................39

1-13-2- روش های ساخت نانوکامپوزیتهای پلیمری .............................................................................41

فصل دوم- مواد و روش ها

2-1- میکروارگانیسم..............................................................................................................................45

2-2- انتقال میکروارگانیسم از حالت یخ خشک به محیط کشت اولیه......................................................47 

2-3- محیط نگهداری............................................................................................................................47

2-4- محیط کشت تلقیح.......................................................................................................................48

2-5- محیط کشت تخمیر......................................................................................................................48

2-6- آماده سازی کشت تلقیح..............................................................................................................49

2-7- شرایط تخمیر ونمونه برداری........................................................................................................49

2-8-  تهیه منحنی کالیبراسیون وزن خشک سلولی- جذب....................................................................50

2-9-  تهیه منحنی­های کالیبراسیون جهت تعیین مقادیر منابع کربن.........................................................51

2-9-1-  طرز تهیه محلول معرف DNS...............................................................................................51

2-9-2- رسم منحنی کالیبراسیون قندهای قابل تبدیل............................................................................51

عنوان                                                                                                        صفحه

2-10- شرایط کروماتوگراف­گازی برای اندازه­گیری پلی­هیدروکسی­آلکانوات­ها............................52

2-10-1- تهیه استاندارد داخلی.......................................................................................................53

2-10-2- تهیه منحنی­های کالیبراسیون متیل­هیدروکسی­بوتیرات، متیل هیدروکسی­والرات

 و متیل­هیدروکسی­هگزانوات...........................................................................................................53

2-10-3- استخراج بیوپلیمر و آماده سازی نمونه برای تزریق به دستگاه GC....................................54

2-10-4- روش شناسائی و تایید بیوپلیمر توسط 13C NMR،1H NMR ،. FT-IR................................55

2-10-4-1- طیف سنجی مادون قرمز (FT-IR) .............................................................................55

2-10-4-2- طیف بینی رزونانس مغناطیسی هسته ای (NMR) ......................................................55

2-11- فرایند بیولوژیکی جهت تولید بیوپلیمر درون سلولی در بیوراکتور.........................................56

2-11-1- فرایند کشت غیرپیوسته.....................................................................................................56

2-11-2- فرایندکشت نیمه پیوسته.....................................................................................................56

2- 11- 2- 1- فرایند کشت نیمه پیوسته با خوراک دهی ثابت منبع کربن ونیتروژن...........................57  

2- 11- 2- 2- فرایند کشت نیمه پیوسته با خوراک دهی متغیر  منبع کربن ونیتروژن .........................57

2-11-3- تعیین ضریب انتقال اکسیژن در بیوراکتور..........................................................................57

2-12- تولید نانو کامپوزیت پلی هیدروکسی بوتیرات هیدروکسی والرات

/هیدروکسی اپتایت.........................................................................................................................59

عنوان                                                                                                       صفحه

فصل سوم- نتایج و بحث

3-1- میکروارگانیسم Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava DSMZ 1034..............................62

3-1- 1- بررسی شرایط فرایند بیولوژیکی..........................................................................................62

3-1-2- استفاده از گلوکز بعنوان  تنها منبع کربن................................................................................63

3-1-3- استفاده ازفروکتوز بعنوان تنها منبع کربن ...............................................................................65

3-1-3- استفاده ازآب پنیر بعنوان تنها منبع کربن ...............................................................................66

3- 2- میکروارگانیسم  Cupriavidus necator DSM 545......................................................68

3-2-1- بررسی شرایط فرایند بیولوژیکی ...........................................................................................68

3-2-1-2- بررسی تاثیر نسبت نیتروژن به کربن ..................................................................................69

3-2-2- استفاده از گلوکز بعنوان  تنها منبع کربن................................................................................73

3-2-3- استفاده ازفروکتوز بعنوان تنها منبع کربن...............................................................................74

3-2-4- استفاده ازملاس بعنوان تنها منبع کربن...................................................................................75

3-2-5- تاثیر استات بر رشد میکروارگانیسم و تولید بیوپلیمر..............................................................77

3-2-5-1 -ترکیب ملاس و استات بعنوان منابع کربن.........................................................................77

3-3- میکروارگانیسم  Azotobacter beijerinckii DSMZ 1041.........................................80

3-3-1- بررسی شرایط فرایند بیولوژیکی..........................................................................................80

3-3-2- استفاده از گلوکز بعنوان  تنها منبع کربن...............................................................................82

3-3-3- استفاده ازفروکتوز بعنوان تنها منبع کربن..............................................................................83

3-3-4- استفاده ازآب پنیر بعنوان تنها منبع کربن...............................................................................84

3-4- میکروارگانیسم Azohydromonas lata DSMZ 1123..............................85

عنوان                                                                                                     صفحه

3-4-1- بررسی شرایط فرایند بیولوژیکی..........................................................................................85

3-4-2- استفاده از گلوکز بعنوان  تنها منبع کربن..............................................................................87

3-4-3- استفاده ازفروکتوز بعنوان تنها منبع کربن .............................................................................88

3-4-4- استفاده ازآب پنیر بعنوان تنها منبع کربن .............................................................................89

3-5- نتایج کلی مقایسه چهار میکرو ارگانیسم در تولید بیوپلیمر .......................................................92

3-6- بررسی سینتیک رشد میکروارگانیسم در تولید بیوپلیمر............................................................92  

3-7- فرایند کشت غیر پیوسته در بیوراکتور.....................................................................................95

3-7-1- تعیین ضریب انتقال اکسیژن در بیوراکتور ..........................................................................97

3-8- فرایند کشت نیمه پیوسته  با خوراک دهی ثابت در بیوراکتور.................................................98

3-9- فرایند کشت نیمه پیوسته  با خوراک دهی متغیر (پله ای) در بیوراکتور.....................................99

3-10- بازده بیومس ....................................................................................................................100

3-11- بهره دهی .......................................................................................................................102

3-12- بازده تولید ......................................................................................................................103

3- 13- آزمایشهای تشخیصی جهت تایید بیوپلیمر تولید شده............................................................105

3-13-1- طیف سنجی مادون قرمز (FT-IR) ...............................................................................105

3-13-2- طیف سنجی رزونانس مغناطیسی هسته ای (NMR) ..........................................................106

3-14- بررسی امکان استفاده از بیوپلیمر تولید شده در نانوکامپوزیتها.................................................108

عنوان                                                                                                     صفحه

فصل چهارم-نتیجه گیری وپیشنهادات

4-1- نتیجه گیری..................................................................................................................113

4-2- پیشنهادات....................................................................................................................116

مراجع ...................................................................................................................................117

چکیده انگلیسی ..................................................................................................................127

پیوستها.................................................................................................................................

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