پایان نامه استفاده از ساقه‌ ی گیاه خاکشیر در حذف آلایندگی رنگی از محیط‌ های آبی و بررسی تأثیر عملکرد جاذب در مقیاس نانو بر حذف

فهرست:

فصل اول: مقدمه و تئوری تحقیق... 1

1-1 مقدمه. 1

1-2  انواع جذب... 3

1-3 طبیعت جاذب‌ها 4

1-4  جاذب‌ها 4

1-5 عوامل تأثیرگذار بر روی قدرت جذب یک جاذب... 5

1-5-1 سطح تماس.... 5

1-5-2 غلظت... 7

1-5-3 دما 7

1-5-4 نوع ماده جذب شده و جاذب... 7

1-5-5 حالت ماده جذب شده و جاذب... 7

1-6 ذغال‌های رنگ بر. 7

1-7  کربن فعال.. 8

1-8  روش‌های فعالسازی.. 9

1-8-1 روش فعالسازی فیزیکی.. 9

1-8-2 روش فعالسازی شیمیایی: 10

1-9  تئوری رنگ‌ها و جذب رنگ... 12

1-10   اساس کار دستگاه اسپکتروسکوپ‏... 13

1-10-1 اسپکتروفتومتر نور مرئی.. 13

1-10-2 اجزاء دستگاه ‏ 13

1-10-3 طرز تعیین غلظت یک ماده توسط اسپکتروفتومتر. 15

1-11   رنگ‌ها و خواص آن‌ها 16

1-11-1 رنگ‌های اسیدی یا آنیونی.. 16

1-11-2 رنگ‌های بازی یا کاتیونی.. 16

1-11-3 رنگ‌های خنثی.. 17

1-12   ایزوترم‌های جذب... 18

1-12-1 ایزوترم فرندلیچ.. 18

1-12-2 مدل‌ایزوترم لانگمیر. 19

1-12-3 مدل‌ایزوترم BET.. 20

1-12-4 مدل‌ایزوترم دوبین-رادوشکویچ.. 21

1-12-5 ایزوترم تمکین.. 22

1-12-6 مدل‌ایزوترم توس.... 22

1-12-7 مدل‌ایزوترم سیپز. 22

1-12-7 رادکه-پراودنیتز. 23

1-13   تخمین پارامترهای‌ایزوترم جذب با استفاده از خطی‌سازی: 23

1-14   تصفیه آب... 24

1-15   جذب سطحی.. 24

1-16   کاربرد‌های فرآیند جذب سطحی در صنعت تصفیه آب... 26

1-17   اهداف تحقیق.. 27

فصل دوم: مروری بر سوابق مطالعاتی و پژوهشی... 29

2-1  مروری بر تحقیقات انجام شده در حذف آلاینده، بخصوص رنگ‌ها از محیط‌های آبی.. 29

2-2 انواع جاذب‌ها 30

2-2-1   استفاده از جاذب‌های سنتزی.. 30

2-2-2   استفاده از جاذب‌های طبیعی.. 31

2-3  حذف رنگ‌های کاتیونی و آنیونی.. 32

2-4  روش‌های تبدیل مواد به جاذب کربنی.. 34

2-5 نانوبیوکامپوزیت سلولز باکتریایی/سیلیکا جایگزین سلولزهای گیاهی.. 38

2-6 استفاده از جاذب‌های گیاهی و ارزان قیمت به جای جاذب‌های گران.. 39

فصل سوم: مواد و روش‌ها 41

3-1 جاذب به کار رفته برای جذب در‌این تحقیق.. 41

3-2 ترکیبات شیمیایی.. 42

3-3 فرمول شیمیایی آلاینده‌ی رنگی به کار رفته. 42

3-4 شکل مولکولی.. 43

3-5  نانو فیبر سلولز. 43

3-6 شرایط آزمایشگاه : 45

3-7 تجهیزات و دستگاه‌ها 46

3-8  مواد لازم. 46

3-9 روش آماده‌سازی جاذب... 48

3-9-1   تهیه‌ی جاذب و مش بندی آن.. 48

3-9-2 تهیه جاذب خاکشیر در ابعاد نانو با استفاده از آسیاب فوق ریز کننده‌ی دیسکی.. 48

3-10   تهیه‌ی محلول رنگ به عنوان پساب رنگی.. 49

3-11   مراحل بهینه‌کردن جذب... 50

3-12   بررسی‌های جاذب به کار رفته. 50

3-13-1 شکل شناسی ذرات(ریخت شناسی) 50

3-13-2 بررسی گونه‌های موجود در ساختار با استفاده از آزمون FTIR.. 51

3-13-3 روش جداسازی رنگ بریلیانت‌گرین.. 51

3-13-4 روش تعیین غلظت رنگ در محیط آبی.. 52

3-13   روش محاسبه‌ی میزان حذف.. 53

3-14بررسی و تعیین‌ایزوترم یا‌ایزوترم‌های جذبی حاکم بر فرآیند جذب... 54

3-15   بررسی سنتیک جذب... 54

3-16-1 مدل سنتیک شبه درجه اول.. 54

3-16-2 مدل سنتیک شبه درجه دوم. 55

3-16-3 مدل سنتیک نفوذ درون ذره‌ای.. 56

3-16-4 مدل سنتیک بنگهام. 56

فصل چهارم: نتایج آزمایشگاهی... 57

4-1 بهینه‌کردن جاذب... 57

4-1-1   انتخاب pH بهینه. 57

4-1-2 زمان تماس.... 59

4-1-3   مقدار گرم جاذب(دُز جاذب) 60

4-1-4 غلظت اولیه‌ی محلول.. 62

4-1-5 بررسی دما 63

4-1-6  دور همزن.. 64

4-1-7 اسیدی‌کردن جاذب... 65

4-1-8   تأثیر اندازه جاذب بر میزان حذف.. 66

4-2 ایزوترم‌های حاکم بر فرآیند جذب... 67

4-2-1 مدل فرندلیچ.. 67

4-2-2 مدل‌ایزوترم لانگمیر. 68

4-2-3   ایزوترم تمکین.. 70

4-2-4 نانوژل و جداسازی آن از محیط آبی پس از فرآیند حذف.. 71

4-3  شکل‌‌شناسی (شکل‌شناسی یا ریخت‌شناسی جاذب) 72

4-4  آزمایش FTIR برای بررسی گونه‌های موجود در ساختمان شیمیایی جاذب... 78

4-5 تخمین پارامتر‌های ترمودینامیکی.. 82

4-5-1 مدل سنتیک شبه درجه اول.. 82

4-5-2   مدل سنتیک شبه درجه دوم. 82

4-5-3   مدل نفوذ درون ذره‌ای.. 83

4-5-4   مدل بنگهام. 84

4-6 مقایسه جداسازی رنگ بریلیانت‌گرین از محلول آبی با استفاده از جاذب‌های مشابه با شرایط یکسان.. 86

4-7 بررسی مقاومت‌های انتقال جرم. 87

فصل پنجم: نتیجه‌‌گیری و پیشنهادات... 90

5-1 نتیجه‌گیری.. 90

5-2 پیشنهادت... 92

مراجع:    93

پیوست 1. فهرست اسامی‌لاتین.. 100

پیوست 2. کالیبراسیون دستگاه اسپکتروفوتومتر. 103

پیوست 3. شبیه سازی جذب... 104

پیوست 4. گرمای جذب و تغییرات انرژی آزاد گیبس و تغییرات آنتروپی   105

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