فهرست:
-1) مقدمه.......................................................................................................................... 2
1-2) بیان مسئله................................................................................................................. 3
اهمیت وضرورت انجام پژوهش......................................................................................... 7
1-4) اهداف پژوهش ........................................................................................................... 9
هدف کلی............................................................................................................. 9
اهداف ویژه ............................................................................................................ 9
1-5) فرضیات پژوهش ......................................................................................................... 9
1-6) محدودیت های پژوهش................................................................................................. 10
محدودیت های غیر قابل کنترل .................................................................................. 10
1-7) تعریف واژه ها واصطلاحات پژوهش ................................................................................... 10
فصل دوم- مبانی نظری وپیشینه پژوهش
مقدمه................................................................................................... ..…......... 13
مبانی نظری پژوهش................................................................................................................................... 13
چاقی......................................................................................................................................................................13
) تنظیم تعادل انرژی................................................................................................................................ 14
2-2-3) کنترل اشتها و هموستاز انرژی................................................................................................................... 15
هیپوتالاموس............................................................................................................................................. 17
2-2-5) سیگنال های عصبی و هورمونی کنترل اشتها ........................................................................................ 18
2-2-6) سیستم کنترل مرکزی................................................................................................................................ 20
2-2-7)کنترل محیطی اشتها.................................................................................................................................. 22
تنظیم کننده های وزن و متابولیسم بدن............................................. 23
) نروپپتایدها............................................................................................................................................... 24
2-3-1-1) نوروپپتید Y (NPY)............................................................................................................................ 24
2-3-1-2)ارکسین................................................................................................................................................... 25
2-3-1-3)گالانین.................................................................................................................................................... 26
2-3-1-4) نوروپتیید w-23.................................................................................................................................. 27
2-3-2)هورمون ها................................................................................................................................................... 27
2-3-2-1)گرلین...................................................................................................................................................... 27
2-3-2-2)ابستاتین........................................................................................................................................ 28
2-3-2-3)لپتین.................................................................................................................................................. 29
نوروپتیید w............................................................................................................................................. 30
گیرنده های NPW................................................................................................................................. 31
توزیع مرکزی NPW............................................................................................................................... 32
2-4-3) توزیع محیطی NPW................................................................................................................................ 33
توزیع NPBWR1-2 ....................................................................................................................... 34
تنظیم تغذیه ومتابولیسم انرژی بوسیله NPW.................................................................................. 35
عملکرد اندوکرین NPW.................................................................................................................... 37
کورتیزول.................................................................................................................................................. 38
کورتیزول و فعالیت بدنی........................................................................................................................ 39
متابولیسم انرژی در فعالیت ورزشی........................................................................................................ 41
فعالیت ورزشی فزاینده و شدید.......................................................................................................... 41
فعالیت ورزشی دراز مدت.................................................................................................................... 41
تاثیرات اسمولاریته بروی هورمون ها...................................................................................................... 42
ارتباط کورتیزول با واسطه های متابولیکی............................................................................................... 43
ارتباط هورمون کورتیزول با اسید لاکتیک............................................................................................ 44
ارتباط هورمون کورتیزول با کراتینین..................................................................................................... 44
کورتیزول و چاقی.................................................................................................................................... 45
2-5-5-1) لینک پتانسیل بین کورتیزول و اشتها....................................................................................................... 46
اثرات مضر چاقی ناشی ازکورتیزول........................................................................................................ 46
تیروکسین.................................................................................................................................................. 47
تاثیر تیروکسین بر متابولیسم: ............................................................................................................. 47
بی حرکت حاد و مزمن بر روی هورمون تیروئیدی............................................................................... 48
هورمون های تیروئیدی و لپتین............................................................................................................ 50
هورمون های تیروئیدی وگیاهان داروی................................................................................................ 51
2-7)جمع بندی .......................................................................................................................................................... 52
فصل سوم- روش شناسی پژوهش
3-1) روش پژوهش ........................................................................................................................................................ 54
3-2) طرح پژوهش.......................................................................................................................................................... 54
3-3) جمع آوری وشیوه عصاره گیری ولیک (سرخ وسیاه) ........................................................................................... 55
3-3-1) جمع آوری میوه ولیک (سرخ وسیاه) ............................................................................................................... 55
3-3-2) عصاره گیری آبی میوه ولیک (سرخ وسیاه) ..................................................................................................... 55
3-3-3) مقدار دوز عصاره مصرفی موش ها..................................................................................................................... 55
3-4) جامعه و نمونه آماری و روش نمونه گیری............................................................................................................. 56
3-5) محیط پژوهش........................................................................................................................................................ 56
3-6) تغذیه آزمودنی ها................................................................................................................................................... 57
3-7) دوره و زمان بندی تمرینی..................................................................................................................................... 57
3-8) وسایل و ابزار استفاده شده در پژوهش................................................................................................................... 59
3-9) متغیرهای پژوهش.................................................................................................................................................. 60
3-9-1) متغیر مستقل..................................................................................................................................................... 60
3-9-2) متغیرهای وابسته............................................................................................................................................... 60
3-10) روش اندازه گیری متغیرهای پژوهش.................................................................................................................. 60
3-10-1) روش اندازه گیری متغییر های وابسته............................................................................................................ 61
3-10-1-1) روش اندازه گیری NPW ......................................................................................................................... 61
3-10-1-2) روش اندازه گیری هورمون کورتیزول ........................................................................................................ 61
3-10-1-3) روش اندازه گیری هورمون T4................................................................................................................... 61
3-11) روش اندازه گیری ترکیبات سرخ ولیک , سیاه ولیک با استفاده از GC-MS : ................................................. 62
3-12) روش ها آماری..................................................................................................................................................... 62
فصل چهارم- تجزیه وتحلیل
4-1) مقدمه..................................................................................................................................................................... 65
4-2) توصیف داده ها....................................................................................................................................................... 65
4-2-1) مشخصات آزمودنی های حیوانی........................................................................................................................ 65
4-2-2) یافتههای مربوط به متغیرهای مورد مطالعه...................................................................................................... 66
4-3) تجزیه و تحلیل استنباطی یافتههای پژوهش......................................................................................................... 66
4-3-1) یافته های مربوط به نوروپپتید W پلاسمایی................................................................................................... 68
4-3-2) یافته های مربوط به نوروپپتید w کبدی........................................................................................................ 72
4-3-3) یافته های مربوط به کورتیزول پلاسمایی........................................................................................................ 76
4-3-4) یافته های مربوط به هورمون تیروئید T4....................................................................................................... 81
فصل پنجم- بحث ونتیجه گیری
5-1) مقدمه..................................................................................................................................................................... 88
5-2) خلاصهی پژوهش.................................................................................................................................................. 88
5-3) بحث و بررسی(نوروپپتید w پلاسمایی و کبدی ، هورمون کورتیزول و T4.......................................................... 89
5-4) نتیجهگیری........................................................................................................................................................... 93
5-5) پیشنهادات برای پژوهشهای بیشتر....................................................................................................................... 94
منابع..................................................................................................................................................................................................95
چکیده انگلیسی............................................................................................................................................................. 112
منبع:
1. Wynne K, Stanley S, McGowan B, Bloom S. Appetite control. J Endocrinol 2005 ;184:291-318
Horn CC , Ji H, Friedman MI. Etomoxir, a fatty acid oxidation inhibitor, increases food intake and reduces hepatic energy status in rats. Physiol Behav 2004 ;81(1):157-62.
Larissa R, Donaldson C. Economics and obesity costing the problem or evaluating solutions. Obesity Research 2004; 12:173–179.
Woods SC, Benoit SC, Clegg DJ, Seeley RJ. Regulation of energy homeostasis by peripheral signals. Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004; 18: 497-515.
5. Ghanbari-Niaki A, Nabatchian S, Hedayati M. Plasma agouti-related protein (AGRP), growth hormone, insulin responses to a single circuit-resistanceexercise in male college students. Peptides 2007 ;28(5):1035-9.
6. Ghanbari-Niaki A , Jafari A, Abednazari H, Nikbakht H. Treadmill exercise reduces obestatin concentrations in rat fundus and small intestine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008;372(4):741-5.
7. Ghanbari-Niaki A, Abednazari H, Tayebi SM, Hossaini-Kakhak A, Kraemer RR.Treadmill training enhances rat agouti-related protein in plasma and reduces ghrelin levels in plasma and soleus muscle. Metabolism 2009;58(12):1747-52. doi: 10.1016
8. Richard D, Guesdon B, Timofeeva E. The brain endocannabinoid system in the regulation of energy balance. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;23(1):17-32
Date ,Y., Mondal, MS., Kageyama, H., Ghamari-Langroudi ,M., Takenoya, F., Yamaguchi H., Shimomura, Y., Mori, M., Murakami ,N., Shioda ,S., Cone ,RD., Nakazato ,M., . Neuropeptide W an anorectic peptide regulated by leptin and metabolic state. Endocrinology 2010;151:2200–10.
Tanaka ,H., Yoshida, T., Miyamoto ,N., Motoike, T., Kurosu ,H., Shibata, K., Yamanaka ,A., Williams ,SC., Richardson ,JA., Tsujino, N., Garry ,MG., Lerner ,MR., King ,DS., O'Dowd, BF., Sakurai ,T., Yanagisawa ,M. Characterization of a family of endogenous neuropeptide ligands for the G protein-coupled receptors GPR7 and GPR8. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2003;100:6251–6.
Caminos, J. E., Bravo ,S. B., Garcia-Rendueles, M. E., Ruth Gonzalez, C., Garces, M. F., Cepeda, L. A., et al.. Expression of neuropeptide W in rat stomach mucosa: regulation by nutritional status, glucocorticoids and thyroid hormones. Regul. Pept 2008; 146, 106–111.
12. Havel PJ. Update on adipocyte hormones: regulation of energy balance and carbohydrate/lipid metabolism. Diabetes 2004;53 Suppl 1:S143-51.
13.Cone, E.J. “Saliva testing for drugs of abuse”.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. By New Yourk Acad of Sci 1993 ;694(1) :PP:91-127.
Tina Wong and Vicki Harber. “Lower excess post exercise oxygen consumption and altered growth hormone and cortisol responses to exercise in obese men”. The J of Clin Endocrinol & Metab 2006; 91(2) :PP:678-686.
Goodman, H.M. “Basic Medical Endocrinology”. 3rd .ed amsterdam.Academic Press2003; PP:332-350.
Divertie GD, Jensen MD, Miles JM. Stimulation of lipolysis in humans by physiological hypercortisolemia. Diabetes 1991;40(10):1228-32.
Powers, SK, Howley, ET. Exercise physiology, 4th edition. Boston: McGraw Hill, 2001.
Brillon DJ, Zheng B, Campbell RG, Matthews DE. Effect of cortisol on energy expenditure and amino acid metabolism in humans. Am J Physiol 1995;268(3 Pt 1):E501-13.
Simmons PS, Miles JM, Gerich JE, Haymond MW. Increased proteolysis. An effect of increases in plasma cortisol within the physiologic range. J Clin Invest 1984;73(2):412-20.
20. Gelfand RA, Hutchinson-Williams KA, Bonde AA, Castellino P, Sherwin RS. Catabolic effects of thyroid hormone excess: the contribution of adrenergic activity to hypermetabolism and protein breakdown. Metabolism 1987;36(6):562-9.
21. Dietrich JW1, Landgrafe G, Fotiadou EH. TSH and Thyrotropic Agonists: Key Actors in Thyroid Homeostasis. J Thyroid Res 2012;2012:351864.
Jalabert , B. Fostier and Breton , B . Endocrine control of growth in teleost fishes , main data and application,s. Oceanic doc. Oceanogr. 1999;Vol 8 , No 7. P : 551 – 557
Powers SK. Howley ED.Exercise Physiology (from theory to practical). Translated by Bakhtiar Tartybian, Urumie.: Jahad-e-daneshgahi 1998;.p. 232-8.
24. Vats V, Yadav SP, Grover JK. Ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves partially attenuates streptozotocin-induced alterations in glycogen content and carbohydrate metabolism in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. Jan 2004;90(1):155-60.
25. Vats V, Yadav SP, Grover JK. Effect of T. foenumgraecum on glycogen content of tissues and the key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;85(2-3):237-42.
26. Zhang HL, Li J, Li G, Wang DM, Zhu LP, Yang DP. Structural characterization and anti-fatigue activity of polysaccharides from the roots of Morinda officinalis. Int J Biol Macromol. 2009;44(3):257-61.
27. Bavarva JH1, Narasimhacharya AV. Leucas cephalotes regulates carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and improves antioxidant status in IDDM and NIDDM rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;127(1):98-102.
Carmeliet, P. Mechanisms of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. Nat Med, 1999; 6:389–395.
Degenring, FH., Suter, A., Weber, M., Saller, R.,. A randomised double blind placebo controlled clinical trial of a standardised extract of fresh Crataegus berries (Crataegisan) in the treatment of patients with congestive heart failure NYHA II. Phytomedicine, 2003;10:363–369.
Roddewig, C., Hensel, H.,. Reaction of local myocardial blood flow in nonanesthetized dogs and anesthetized cats to the oral and parenteral administration of a Crateagusfraction (oligomereprocyanidines) inGerman.Arzneimittelforschung, 1977; 27(7):1407-1410.
خوری، وحید و همکاران. اثرات وابسته به سرعت ضدآریتمی گیاه ولیک سرخ بر روی ثبت خارج سلولی میدانی در مدل فیبریلاسیون دهلیزی آزمایشگاهی گره دهلیزی بطنی جدا شده خرگوش. فیزیولوژی وفارماکولوژی1390;15(1)، 46-36.
همتی، خدایار.، بشیری صدر، زین العابدین.، برزعلی، محمد و کلاتی، حمیدرضا. تأثیر اقلیم و اندام های مختلف روی برخی فلاونوئید های درختچه سرخ ولیک(Crataegus monogyna) . مجله علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی1386; 14(5)، صص ندارد.
33. Tang H, Dong X, Day RS, Hassan MM, and Li D. Antioxidant Genes, Diabetes and Dietary Antioxidants in Association with Risk of Pancreatic Cancer Carcinogenesis 2010 ; 31(4):607-13.
33.
Flavonoids in cardiovascular disease clinical trials . Clinicaltrials.gov. US National Institutes of Health.Retrieved November 24, 2013.
Bahrami H, Sadatsafavi M, Pourshams A, Kamangar F, Nouraei M, Semnani S, et al. Obesity and hypertension in an Iranian cohort study; Iranian women experience higher rates of obesity and hypertension than American women. BMC Public Health 2006; 6:158.
Margetic S, Gazzola C, Pegg GG, Hill RA.Leptin: a review of its peripheral actions and interactions. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26: 1407-33.
Konturek PC, Brzozowski T, Walter B, Burnat G, Hess T, Hahn EG, Konturek SJ. Ghrelin-a new gastroprotective factor in gastric mucosa..J Physiol Pharmaco l2004; 55: 3253-36
Speakman JR. Obesity: the integrated roles of environment and genetics.J Nutr 2004;134:2090S-2105S.
woods SC , Seeley RJ, Porte D , Jr . , Schwartz MW .Signals that regulate food intake and energy homeostasis.Science1998; 280:1378-83.
Lazzer. S.Boirie, Y. Bitar. A. Montaturier, Ch. Vernet, J. Meyer, M. Vermoral, M. “Assessment of energy expenditure associated with physical activities in freeliving obese and non-obese adolescents”. American Society for Clini Nutr. 2003 ;78: PP:471-479.
Hillberand J, Wied D, Adan R. Neuropeptides food intake and body Weight regulation: a hypothalamic focus. Peptides. 2002; 23: 2283-2306.
42. Williams G, Bing C, Cai XJ, Harrold JA, King PJ, Liu XH. The hypothalamus and the control of energy homeostasis: different circuits, different purposes.Physiol Behav2001; 74:683-701.
Stanley S, Wynne K, Bloom S. Gastrointestinal satiety signals III.Glucagon-like peptide 1, oxyntomodulin, peptide YY, and pancreatic polypeptide. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol2004; 286:G693-G97.
Murphy KG, Bloom SR, . Gut hormones in the control of appetite. Exp physiol2004 ;89 507-516.
Bohan M, Anderson L, Trenkle A, Beitz D. Effects of dietary macronutrients on appetite-related hormones in blood on body composition of lean and obese rats. Iowa State University Animal Industry Report. 2006
Geary N, . Endocrine controls of eating: CCK, Leptin, and ghrelin. Physiol Behav2004; 81 719- 733.
Cummings DE, Shannon MH, . Roles for Ghrelin in the Regulation of Appetite and Body Weight. Arch Sur2003; 138 389-396.
Kathleen J M, Linda Z, Joshua L, Von N, Theodore J A, James M R. Effects of high-fructose corn and sucrose consumption on circulating glucose, insulin, leptin, and ghrelin and on appetite in normal–weight women. Nutrition 2007; 23 103-112.
Inui ,A .Transgenic Approach to the Study of Body Weight Regulation. Pharmacologicol Reviews. 2005 ; 25 : 33-61
50. Qian S , et al. Neither agouti-related protein nor neuropeptide Y is critically required for the regulation of energy homeostasis in mice. Mol Cell Biol. 2002; 22:5027-35.
51. Foo KS, Brismar H, Broberger C. Distribution and neuropeptide coexistence of nucleobindin-2 mRNA/nesfatin-like immunoreactivity in the rat CNS. Neuroscience. 2008;156(3):563-79
Shimomura ,Y., Harada, M., Goto, M., Sugo, T., Matsumoto, Y., Abe ,M., Watanabe, T., Asami ,T., Kitada, C., Mori, M., Onda ,H., Fujino ,M. , Identification of neuropeptide Was the endogenous ligand for orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR7 and GPR8. J Biol Chem2002;277:35826–32.
Baker J. R., Cardinal K., Bober C., Taylor M. M., Samson W. K. Neuropeptide W acts in brain to control prolactin, corticosterone, and growth hormone release. Endocrinology2003 ;144, 2816–2821. doi: 10.1210/en.2002-0161.
Date Y, Kojima M, Hosoda H, Sawaguchi A, Mandal MS, Suganuma T, Matsukura S, Kangawa K, Nakazato M, . Ghrelin a novel growth hormone- releasing acylated peptide is synthesized in a distinct endocrine cell type in the gastrointestinal tracts of rats and humans. Endocrinology2000 ;141 4255-61.
Takaya K, Ariyasu H, Kanamoto N, Iwakuara H, Yoshimoto A, Harada M, Mori K, Komatsu Y, Usui T, Shimatsu A, Ogawa Y, Hosoda K, Akamizu K, Kojima M, Kangawa K, Nakazo K, . Ghrelin strongly stimulates growth hormone(GH) release in humans. J Clin Endocrinol & Metab2000; 85 4908-11.
Kojima M, Kangawa K,. Ghrelin: structure and function. Physiol Rev2005; 85 495-522.
Davoudi Zanjani Sh, .The effect of Ghrelin on mean plasma concentrations of T3 and T4, body weight in Sanin female goats [thesis]. Tehran: Shahid Beheshti Univ. 2006
Kluge M, Riedl S, Uhr M, Schmidt D, Zhang X, Yassouridis A, Steiger A, . Ghrelin affects the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis in humans by increasing free thyroxin and decreasing TSH in plasma. Eur J Endocrinol2010 ;162 1059-65.
Zhang JV, Ren PG, Avsian-Kretchmer O, Luo CW, Rauch R, Klein C, et al. Obestatin, peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene, opposes ghrelin's effects on food intake. Science2005; 310: 996-9
Ghanbari-Niaki A, Kraemer RR, Soltani R. Plasma nesfatin-1 and glucoregulatory hormone responses to two different anaerobic exercise sessions. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010; 110(4):863-8. Epub Jul 13.
Gao XY, Kuang HY, Liu XM, Duan P, Yang Y, Ma ZB. Circulating ghrelin/obestatin ratio in subjects with Helicobacter pylori infection. Nutrition2009; 25: 506- 11.
Ziolkowska A., Rucinski M., Tyczewska M., Malendowicz L. K. Neuropeptide, B (NPB) and neuropeptide W (NPW) system in cultured rat calvarial osteoblast-like (ROB) cells: NPW and NPB inhibit proliferative activity of ROB cells. Int. J. Mol. Med 2009; 24, 781–787. doi: 10.3892/ijmm_00000292.
Guo ZF, Zheng X, Qin YW, Hu JQ, Chen SP, Zhang Z. Circulating preprandial ghrelin to obestatin ratio is increased in human obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2007; 92: 1875-80.
Kraemer KK, Chu H, Castracane VD. Leptin and exercise. Exp Biol Med 2002; 227: 701-8.
Ronti T, Lupattelli G, Mannarino E. The endocrine function of adipose tissue: an update. Clin Endocrinol 2006; 64(4): 355-365.
Cawthorn MA, Morton N. Peripheral metabolic action of leptin. Proce Nutr Soc1998; 57: 449- 453.
Hojati Z,Rahmaninia F, Rahnama N, Soltani B. Leptin, heart disease and exercise. J Mov Sci Sport2008; 6(11):65-77. (Persian).
Ostad Rahimi A, Zarghami N, Moradi T, Raf M. Study of correlation between serum leptin levels and body composition in healthy obese and nonobese women. Med J Tabriz Univ Med Sci 2007; 29(2):15-20. Persian).
Zarghami N, Maleki MJ, Mamghani F, Mohammadzadeh G, Pourhassan M. [Correlation between leptin serum levels with lipid profile and Anthropometric indices in women with different gredes of obesity]. J anjan Univ Med Sci 2010; 18(72):13-24. (Persian).
Ravishankar RM, Malathi R. Possible correlation of leptin with body fat distribution and adiposity: Evaluation of serum leptin in South Indian population. Reprod Med Biol 2007; 6: 117-125
Ogier V, Ziegler O, Mejean L, Nicolas J., Obesity is associated with decreasing levels of the circulating soluble leptin receptor in humans. Inter J Obes Relat Metab Disord2002; 26: 496-503.
72. Fumiko Takenoya, Haruaki Kageyama, Satoshi Hirako, Eiji Ota, Nobuhiro Wada, Tomoo Ryushi, Seiji Shioda. Neuropeptide W. Front Endocrinol. 2012; 10.3389/fendo.2012.00171
Lee, DK., Nguyen ,T., Porter, CA., Cheng, R., George ,SR., O'Dowd ,BF. , Two related G protein-coupled receptors: the distribution of GPR7 in rat brain and the absence of GPR8 in rodents. Brain Res Mol Brain Res1999;71:96–103.
Kitamura, Y., Tanaka, H., Motoike ,T., Ishii ,M., Williams ,SC., Yanagisawa ,M., Sakurai,T. , Distribution of neuropeptideW immunoreactivity and mRNA in adult rat brain. Brain Res2006;1093:123–34.
Takenoya F., Kageyama H., Shiba K., Date Y., Nakazato M., Shioda S. Neuropeptide W: a key player in the homeostatic regulation of feeding and energy metabolism?Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2010; 1200, 162–169. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05642.x.
Dun S. L., Brailoiu G. C., Yang J., Chang J. K., Dun N. J. Neuropeptide W-immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus and pituitary of the rat. Neurosci. Lett 2003 ; 349, 71–74. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3940(03)00804-8.
Takenoya F., Kageyama H., Shiba K., Endo K., Nonaka N., Date Y., et al. Distribution of neuropeptide W in the rat brain. Neuropeptides2009 ;44, 99–106. doi: 10.1016/j.npep.2009.10.007.
Hondo M., Ishii M., Sakurai T. The NPB/NPW neuropeptide system and its role in regulating energy homeostasis, pain, and emotion. Results Probl. Cell Differ2008; 46, 239–256.
Brezillon S., Lannoy V., Franssen J. D., Le Poul E., Dupriez V., Lucchetti J., et al. (). Identification of natural ligands for the orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR7 and GPR8. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278, 776–783.
Fujii R., Yoshida H., Fukusumi S., Habata Y., Hosoya M., Kawamata Y., et al.. Identification of a neuropeptide modified with bromine as an endogenous ligand for GPR7. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277, 34010–34016. doi: 10.1074
Seki M., Kageyama H., Takenoya F., Hirayama M., Kintaka Y., Inoue S., et al. Neuropeptide W is expressed in the noradrenalin-containing cells in the rat adrenal medulla. Regul. Pept. 2008; 145, 147–152.
Niimi M., Murao K. Neuropeptide W as a stress mediator in the hypothalamus. Endocrine2005;27, 51–54. doi: 10.1385/ENDO:27:1:051.
Singh G., Maguire J. J., Kuc R. E., Fidock M., Davenport A. P. Identification and cellular localisation of NPW1 (GPR7) receptors for the novel neuropeptide W-23 by [125I]-NPW radioligand binding and immunocytochemistry. Brain Res. 2004; 1017, 222–226.
Skrzypski, M., Pruszynska-Oszmalek ,E., Rucinski, M., Szczepankiewicz, D., Sassek, M., Wojciechowicz ,T., et al. ,. Neuropeptide B and W regulate leptin and resistin secretion, and stimulate lipolysis in isolated rat adipocytes. Regul. Pept. 2012; 176, 51–56.
Takenoya F., Hirayama M., Kageyama H., Funahashi H., Kita T., Matsumoto H., et al. Neuronal interactions between galanin-like-peptide- and orexin- or melanin-concentrating hormone-containing neurons. Regul. Pept. 2005; 126, 79–83.
Mondal M. S., Yamaguchi H., Date Y., Shimbara T., Toshinai K., Shimomura Y., et al. A role for neuropeptide W in the regulation of feeding behavior. Endocrinology2003;144, 4729–4733.
Ishii M., Fei H., Friedman J. M. Targeted disruption of GPR7, the endogenous receptor for neuropeptides B and W, leads to metabolic defects and adult-onset obesity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2003;100, 10540–10545. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1334189100.
O'Dowd, BF., Scheideler ,MA., Nguyen ,T., Cheng, R., Rasmussen ,JS., Marchese ,A., Zastawny ,R., Heng ,HH., Tsui, LC., Shi ,X. The cloning andchrom osomal mapping of two novel human opioid-somatostatin-like receptor genes, GPR7 and GPR8, expressed in discrete areas of the brain. Genomics1995;28:84–91.
Samson W. K., Baker J. R., Samson C. K., Samson H. W., Taylor M. M. Central neuropeptide B administration activates stress hormone secretion and stimulates feeding in male rats. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2004; 16, 842–849.
Taylor M. M., Yuill E. A., Baker J. R., Ferri C. C., Ferguson A. V., Samson W. K. Actions of neuropeptide W in paraventricular hypothalamus: implications for the control of stress hormone secretion. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol 2005 ; 288, R270–R275.
Price C. J., Samson W. K., Ferguson A. V. (). Neuropeptide W influences the excitability of neurons in the rat hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Neuroendocrinology2008;88, 88–94.
Rudolph DL, McDuleye L . “Cortisol and effective to exercise”. J Sports Sci 2000; 16: 121-8
ادینگون،ادگرتون.بیولوژی فعالیت بدنی . مترجم : نیکبخت،حجت الله.انتشارات سمت.چاپ اول. 1372
Brien NL, Gelardi RC. Alternative sweeteners. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. 1991; 43-5.
اسکاتو ، رابرتس.، رابرت آ ، رابرگز.اصول بنیادی فیزیولوژی ورزشی (1).انرژی ، سازگاری ها و عملکرد ورزشی).جلد اول. مترجمان : گایینی،عباسعلی.،دبیدیروشن ، ولی الله . انتشارات سمت. 1384
Kristjan P . Cortisol acute responses to exercise. Dept. Med & Biol 2000 ;73 : 1309-1325.201.
William D. McArdle, Frank I. Katch, Victor L. Katch.Exercise Physiology (energy, nutrition and human performance).Translated by: Asghar Khaledan. Samt Publisher. First Publish, 2000; 574- 610.
Bogaz Adam, Aleksandra Bijak, Anitn Stanjek, Ryszard Palugnoik, Joanna Chab, Aledsandra Kochanska-Dziurowicz. Effect of physical exercise on elected blood parameters in junior footballers, current topics in Biophysics, 2003; 27(1-2): 23-26.
Nelson W, Cadotte L, Halber F. Circadian timing of single daily meal affects survival of mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1973; 144:766-9.
Desmecht. D. Lindenl A, Amory . H, Artand. T, Lekeux. P. “Relationship of plasma lactate production to cortisol release following completion of different type of sporting events in horsrs”. Veterinary Research Communication, 1996; 20 PP:371-379.
Guliherme de paula Nogueira, Renato Campanarut Barnabe, Joao Cesar Bedran-de-castro, Alankardison Ferreira Moreira, Wilson Koberto Fernandes, Regina mieko sakata . “Serum cortisol, lactate and creatinine concentrations in thoroughbred fillies of different ages and states of training”. Braz.J.Vet.Res.Anim.Sci 2002;39: PP:54-57.
ویلمور، اچ. دیوید، ال. کاستیل. "فیزیولوژی ورزش و فعالیت بدنی". ترجمه ضیاء معینی و دیگران، تهران، انتشارات مبتکران.1383
Spaner Seth. “Proposed theory of the relationship between lactic acid and muscle growth”. Natural strength. Com 2002; PP: 54-57.
Kargotich S, Goodman C, Keast D, Fry RW, Garcia-Weebb P, Crawford PM, Morton AR. “Influence of exercise-induced plasma volume changes on the interpretation of biochemical data following high-intensity exercise”. Clin J Sport Med. 1997;7(3) ; PP:185-91.
105.Degoutte . F, Jouanel.P and Filaire, E,. “Energy demand during a judo match and recovery”. Br J Sports Med 2003; 37 ; PP:245-249.
Zophel Klaus, Wunderlich Gerd, Kotzerke Jorg. “Serum creatinine values in elite athletes competing in 8 different sports ; Comparison with sedentary people”. Cli Chem. 2005; 48(1) ; PP:286-290.
Tomlinson, J.W. & P.M. Stewart , . The functional consequences of 11_- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase expression in adipose tissue. Hormone and Metabolism Research 2002; 34: 746-751
Morris, K.L. & M.B. Zemel, .1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulation of adipocyte glucocorticoid function. Obesity Research 2005 ; 13: 670-677, 2005.
Epel ES, McEwen B, Seeman T, Matthews K, Castellazzo G, Brownell KD, Bell J, Ickovics JR.Stress and body shape: stress-induced cortisol secretion is consistently greater among women with central fat. Psychosomatic Medicine 2000 ; 62:623-632.
Rod W. Fry . Alan R. Morton, Peter Garcia – Webb, and David Keast. “Monitoring exercise stress by changes in metabolic and hormonal responses over a 24-h period”. Eur J Appl Physiol 1991 ; 63:228-234.
Farrell A. Peter. Jack H. Wilmore , Edward F. Coyle ,John E. Billing, and David L. Costill,. “Plasma lactate accumulation and distance running performance”. Medicine and science in sports1979 ; 11 : 338-344.
Epel, E., R. Lapidus, B. McEwen, Kelly Brownell. Stress may add bite to appetite in women: a laboratory study of stress-induced cortisol and eating behavior.Psychoneuroendocrinology2001 ; 26: 37-49,.
Cavagnini, F., M. Croci, P. Putignano, Petroni ML, Invitti C. lucocorticoids and neuroendocrine function. International Journal of Obesity 2000; 24: S77-S79.
Andrews RC, Herlihy O, Livingstone DEW, Andrew R, Walker BR. Abnormal cortisol metabolism and tissue sensitivity to cortisol in patients with glucose intolerance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(12):5587-5593.
Mariemi, J., Kronholm, E., Aunola, S., Toikka, T., Mattlar, C.E., Koskenvuo, M. & Ronnemaa, T. (2002). Visceral fat and psychosocial stress in identical twins discordant for obesity. Journal of Internal Medicine 2002 ; 251, 35-43.
116. Dr. B.S. Chauhan . Principles of Biochemistry and Biophysics.2008. 357
گایتون، آرتور؛ هال، جان ئی. “فیزیولوژی پزشکی گایتون”. ترجمه فرخ شادان، نشر چهر،جلد دوم، فصل 1389 ; 76 ،1496-1495
Kar A, Panda S, Bharti S. Relative efficacy of three medicinal plant extracts in the alteration of thyroid hormone concentrations in male mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2002; 81(2): 281-285.
Selye H, "Confusion and controversy in the stress field". J Human Stress 1975; 1: 37-44.
Turakulov Y, Burikhanov R, Patkhitdinov P, Myslitskaya A.. Influence of immobilization stress on the level of secretion of thyroid hormones. Neurosci Behav Physiol 1994; 24(6): 462-464.
Turakulov Y, Burikhanov R.. Role of norepinephrine in the regulation of thyroid gland functional activity in rabbits. Probl Endokrinol (Mosk) 1993; 39(4): 45-48.
Aguilera G, Kiss A, Sunar-Akbasak B. Hyperreninemic hypoaldosteronism after chronic stress in the rat. J Clin Inv1995; 96(3): 1512-1519.
Moghaddam B. Stress preferentially increases extra neuronal levels of excitatory amino acids in the prefrontal cortex: comparison to hippocampus and basal ganglia. J Neurochemi 1993; 60(5): 1650-1657
Srivastava R, Taylor M, Mann D. Effect of immobilization stress on plasma luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and corticosterone concentrations and on 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the testes of adult rats. Proc Soc Experi Biolo Med 1993; 204(2): 231-235.
Rai J, Pandey S, Srivastava R. Testosterone hormone level in albino rats following restraint stress of long duration. J Anat Soc India 2004; 53(1):17-19.
Bròdano G ,Colangeli S ,Babbi L ,Gasbarrini A , Bandiera S ,Terzi S.( 2011). Osteoporotic vertebral fractures: a disabling and expensive disease of our century. A minimally invasive surgical technique to reduce the pain, the hospitalization, and restore the function. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol S; 15(12): 1473-1477
127. Wren AM, Small CJ, Ward HL, Murphy KG,et al . The novel hypothalamic peptide ghrelin stimulates food intake and growth hormone secretion. Endocrinology. 2000 ;141(11):4325-8.
128. Menendez C1, Baldelli R, Camiña JP, Escudero B, Peino R, Dieguez C, Casanueva FF. TSH stimulates leptin secretion by a direct effect on adipocytes. J Endocrinol. 2003;176(1):7-12.
129. Nowak KW1, Kaczmarek P, Mackowiak P, Ziolkowska A, Albertin G, Ginda WJ, Trejter M, Nussdorfer GG,Malendowicz LK. Rat thyroid gland expresses the long form of leptin receptors, and leptin stimulates the function of the gland in euthyroid non-fasted animals. Int J Mol Med. 2002 ;9(1):31-4.
130. Yoshida T1, Monkawa T, Hayashi M, Saruta T. Regulation of expression of leptin mRNA and secretion of leptin by thyroid hormone in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997;232(3):822-6.
131. Korbonits M. Leptin and the thyroid--a puzzle with missing pieces. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1998;49(5):569-72
Panda S and Kar A. Withania Somnifera and Bauhinia Purpurea in the regulation of circulating thyroid hormone concentrations in female mice. J.Ethnopharmacol. 1999; 67: 233 – 9.
Panda S and Kar A. Ocimum sanctum leaf extract in the regulation of thyroid function in the male mouse. Pharmacol. Res. a1998; 38 (2): 107 - 10.
Panda S and Kar A. Dual role of betel leaf extract on thyroid function in male mice. Pharmacol. Res. 1998; 38 (6): 493 - 6.
Fumiko TAKENOYA1, 2, Haruaki KAGEYAMA2, Noriyuki YAMAMOTO3, Tomoo RYUSHI4, Seiji SHIODA2 1Hoshi University, 2Showa University, 3Japanese Red Cross Hokkaido, 4Daito Bunka University 2-B-01 I Influence of neuropeptide W on feeding action by voluntary exercise. Advances in Exercise and Sports Physiology2011; 17(2): 64 -64 2011
Hochol ,A., Belloni ,AS., Rucinski, M., Ziolkowska ,A., Di Liddo ,R., Nussdorfer ,GG., Malendowicz, LK. , Expression of neuropeptides B and W and their receptors in endocrine glands of the rat. Int J Mol Med 2006;18:1101–6.
137. Fair AM , Montgomery K. Energy balance, physical activity, and cancer risk. Methods Mol Biol. 2009;472:57-88. doi: 10.1007/978-1-60327-492-0_3.
138. Sampath H, Ntambi JM. Polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of gene expression. Nutr Rev. 2004;62(9):333-9.
Manish Pal Singh, Devendra Pathak , Gyanendra K. Sharma , & C. S. Sharma . Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARS): A Target with a Broad Therapeutic Potential for Human Diseases: An Overview Pharmacologyonline 2011; 2: 58-89
Yu YE. The efects of antioxidants kaempferol and ascorbic acid on liver X receptor alpha (LXR-a) in TNF-a stimulated human hepatocarcinoma HEPG2 cels: Universit Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR); 2011.
141. Mohamed M. Elmazar, Hanan S. El-Abhar mail, Mona F. Schaalan, Nahla A. Farag. Phytol/Phytanic Acid and Insulin Resistance: Potential Role of Phytanic Acid Proven by Docking Simulation and Modulation of Biochemical Alterations. PLoS One. 2013 ;8(1):e45638.
Butt, M.S., Pasha, I., Tufail, F. & Anjum, F.M., , Use of low absorptive sweeteners in cakes. International Journal Agriculture and Biology, 2002; 4(2), 249-251.
Teo, G; Suzuki, Y; Uratsu, SL; Lampinen, B; Ormonde, N; Hu, WK; Dejong, TM; Dandekar, AM. "Silencing leaf sorbitol synthesis alters long-distance partitioning and apple fruit quality". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2006 ;103 (49): 18842–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.0605873103.PMC 1693749. PMID 17132742.
” Eat any sugar alcohol lately?". Yale-New Haven Hospital. Retrieved 2012-06-25.
Hubert Schiweck, Albert Bär, Roland Vogel, Eugen Schwarz, Markwart Kunz, Cécile Dusautois, Alexandre Clement, Caterine Lefranc, Bernd Lüssem, Matthias Moser, Siegfried Peters . Sugar Alcohols" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, , Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. 2012 doi:10.1002/14356007.a25_413.pub3
Vasilescu, Razvan; Ionescu, A.M.; Mihai, A.; Carniciu, S. Ionescu-Tirgoviste, C. "Sweetners and metabolic diseases: Xylitol as a new player". Proc. Rom. Acad. 2011; 2: 125–128.
Robson PJ, Blannin AK, Walsh NP, Castell LM, Gleeson M . "Effects of exercise intensity, duration and recovery on in vitro neutrophil function in male athletes". Int J Sports Med 1999; 20 (2): 128–35. doi:10.1055/s-2007-971106.PMID 10190775.
Takeuchi H., Matsuo T., Tokuyama K., Suzuki M.,. Serum triiodothyronine concentration and Na+, K+-ATPase activity in liver and skeletal muscle are influenced by dietary fat type in rats. J. Nutr. 1995 ; 125, 2364-2369
K. Lachowicz, I. Koszela-Piotrowska2 and D. Rosołowska-Huszcz. Dietary fat type and level affect thyroid hormone plasma concentrations in rats. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 18, 2009, 541–550