پایان نامه بررسی تاثیر یک دوره تمرین ورزشی شنا و مکمل سیلیمارین بر متالوتیونین ریهنوزادان موش های مادر در معرض مسمومیت کادمیوم در دوران بارداری و شیر دهی

فهرست:

فصل اول: طرح پژوهش

1-1- مقدمه........................................................................................................................................................... 2

1-2- تعریف مسئله تحقیق.................................................................................................................................... 3

1-3- اهمیت و ضرورت پژوهش................................................................................................................................ 4

1-4- اهداف این پژوهش.......................................................................................................................................... 4

1-4-1- هدف کلی................................................................................................................................................... 4

1-4-2- اهداف ویژه.................................................................................................................................................. 4

1-5- فرضیه های پژوهش....................................................................................................................................... 5

1-6- پیش فرض های پژوهش.................................................................................................................................. 6

1-7- محدودیت های تحقیق.................................................................................................................................... 6

1-8- تعریف واژه­ها و اصطلاحات پژوهش.............................................................................................................. 6

1-8-1- واژه ها و اصطلاح های نظری..................................................................................................................... 6

1-8-2- واژه ها و اصطلاحات عملیاتی.................................................................................................................... 7

فصل دوم: مبانی نظری و پیشینه پژوهش

2-1- مقدمه........................................................................................................................................................... 9

2-2- مبانی نظری پژوهش...................................................................................................................................... 9

2-2-1- ریه و اهمیت آن در رشد جنین.................................................................................................................... 9

2-2-2- ساختار بافت شناسی ریه........................................................................................................................ 9

2-2-3- رادیکال های آزاد....................................................................................................................................... 11

2-2-3-1- استرس اکسایشی و فلزات سنگین.................................................................................................. 12

2-2-4- استرس اکسایشی از آلاینده های زیستی و تاثیر آن بر بافت ریه............................................................ 12

2-2-4-1- کادمیوم و مکانیسم مسمومیت ریوی آن.......................................................................................... 14

2-2-5- تأثیر فعالیت ورزشی در دوران بارداری و رشد جنین.................................................................................. 17

2-2-5-1- تأثیر فعالیت ورزشی در دوران بارداری................................................................................................... 18

2-2-5-2- تأثیرات فعالیت ورزشی بر جنین.......................................................................................................... 18

2-2-6- متالوتیونین.............................................................................................................................................. 20

2-2-6-1- متالوتیونین و کادمیوم........................................................................................................................ 20

2-2-6-2- آپوپتوزیس............................................................................................................................................ 21

2-2-6-3- آپوپتوزیس و متالوتیونین..................................................................................................................... 22

2-2-7- مواد آنتی اکسیدانتی.............................................................................................................................. 24

2-2-8- سیلیمارین............................................................................................................................................... 25

2-4.گیاه خار مریم و پودر سیلیمارین.................................................................................................................. 25

2-2-8-1- گیاه شناسی....................................................................................................................................... 26

2-2-8-2- ریخت شناسی.................................................................................................................................... 26

2-2-8-3- مناطق رویش........................................................................................................................................ 26

2-2-8-4- ترکیبات شیمیایی............................................................................................................................... 26

2-2-9- آثار فارماکولوژیکی و مصرف درمانی سیلیمارین................................................................................... 27

2-2-9-1- آنتی اکسیدان...................................................................................................................................... 27

2-2-9-2- اثرات درمانی سیلیمارین...................................................................................................................... 27

2-2-9-3- سیلمیارین و درمان سرطان................................................................................................................ 28

2-2-9-4- سیلیمارین و مسمومیت سلولی....................................................................................................... 29

2-3- مروری بر پیشینه پژوهش ها....................................................................................................................... 29

2-3-1- اثر کادمیوم بر دستگاه تنفسی به ویژه بافت ریه................................................................................... 29

2-3-2- اثر ورزش بر دستگاه تنفسی................................................................................................................... 32

2-3-3- اثرات درمانی سیلیمارین.......................................................................................................................... 33

2-3-4- اثر آنتی اکسیدان ها بر دستگاه تنفسی............................................................................................... 37

2-3-5- اثر انواع فعالیت ها و تمرینات ورزشی بر M   T...................................................................................... 39

2-3-6- اثر استرس اکسایشی ناشی از مواد سمی بر M   T........................................................................... 40

2-4.جمع بندی و نتیجه گیری:............................................................................................................................. 41

فصل سوم: روش شناسی پژوهش

3-1. مقدمه.......................................................................................................................................................... 44

3-2. روش پژوهش................................................................................................................................................. 44

3-3.جامعه ونمونه آماری پژوهش.......................................................................................................................... 44

3-4.وسایل و مواد مورد استفاده در پژوهش......................................................................................................... 45

3-5.متغیر های پژوهش ....................................................................................................................................... 45

3-5-1.متغیر های مستقل ................................................................................................................................. 45

3-5-2.متغیر تعدیل کننده.................................................................................................................................. 46

3-5-3  . متغیر های وابسته ................................................................................................................................ 46

3-6. محیط پژوهش و غذا ................................................................................................................................... 46

3-7.نحوه اجرای پژوهش ...................................................................................................................................... 46

3-8.نحوه تهیه و تزریق سیلیمارین و حلال سیلیمارین (اتانول مطلق و آب مقطر)............................................ 46

3-9.نحوه خوراندن کادمیوم به آزمودنی ها ......................................................................................................... 47

3-10. برنامه تمرینی ............................................................................................................................................. 47

3-11.نمونه برداری ریه ،مطالعه میکروسکپی و تجزیه وتحلیل آزمایشگاهی ...................................................... 48

3-12 روش های آماری............................................................................................................................................ 49

فصل چهارم: تجزیه و تحلیل یافته ها

4-1. مقدمه.......................................................................................................................................................... 51

4-2. تجزیه و تحلیل توصیفی یافته ها ................................................................................................................ 51

4-2-1. سطوح پروتئینMT ریه نوزادان موشهای مادر....................................................................................... 51

4-3. تجزیه و تحلیل استنباطی:............................................................................................................................. 53

4-3-1. آزمون فرضیه های پژوهش........................................................................................................................ 53

4-3-2-فرضیه اول:................................................................................................................................................ 54

4-3-3- فرضیه دوم:.............................................................................................................................................. 55

4-3-4. فرضیه سوم:............................................................................................................................................ 55

4-3-5. فرضیه چهارم:.......................................................................................................................................... 56

4-3-6 . فرضیه پنجم:.......................................................................................................................................... 57

 4-3-7 . فرضیه ششم:....................................................................................................................................... 57

4-3-8 . فرضیه هفتم:......................................................................................................................................... 58

به طور خلاصه:..................................................................................................................................................... 59

فصل پنجم: بحث و بررسی و نتیجه­گیری

5-1: مقدمه.......................................................................................................................................................... 61

5-2. خلاصه پژوهش............................................................................................................................................. 61

5-3: بحث و بررسی.............................................................................................................................................. 61

5-3-1.کادمیوم و متالوتیونین.............................................................................................................................. 63

5-3-2.تمرین شنا و متالوتیونین  .......................................................................................................................... 64

5-3-3. سیلیمارین و متالوتیونین........................................................................................................................ 65

5-3-4.کادمیوم،تمرین شنا،سیلیمارین و متالوتیونین.......................................................................................... 66

5-4. جمع بندی و نتیجه گیری............................................................................................................................. 67

5-5. پیشنهاد های پژوهش ................................................................................................................................. 68

5-5-1. پیشنهاد های بر خاسته ازپژوهش ......................................................................................................... 68

5-5-2. پیشنهاد های برای پژوهش های آینده.............................................................................................. 68

منابع و ماخذ........................................................................................................................................................ 69

پیوست................................................................................................................................................................. 86

چکیده لاتین

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