پایان نامه اثر 8 هفته تمرین هوازی و مصرف مکمل امگا-3 بر شاخص های التهابی بیماران دیابتی نوع دو

فهرست:

فصل اول:کلیات تحقیق    1

1-1- مقدمه...................................................................................................................................... 1

1-2- بیان مسئله................................................................................................................................ 2

1-3- اهمیت و ضرورت تحقیق.........................................................................................................  5

1-4- اهداف پژوهش............................................................................................................................  6

اهداف ویژه....................................................................................................................................... 6

اهداف اختصاصی .............................................................................................................................. 6  

1-5- فرضیات.................................................................................................................................. 7

1-6- قلمروی تحقیق............................................................................................................................ 7

1-7- محدودیت های  تحقیق........................................................................................................... 7

1-8- تعریف واژه گان.........................................................................................................................  8

فصل دوم: مبانی نظری و پیشینه تحقیق   9

1-2- مقدمه................................................................................................................................... 10

2-2- مبانی نظری تحقیق.................................................................................................................... 10

2-2-1- چاقی.................................................................................................................................. 10

2-2-2- سندرم متابولیک................................................................................................................... 11

2-2-3- مقاومت انسولین............................................................................................................... 12

2-2-4- دیابت ملیتوس(نوع دوم)............................................................................................................ 13

2-2-5- پاتو فیزیولوژی دیابت نوع دو........................................................................................................ 14

2-2-6- بافت چربی........................................................................................................................ 15

2-2-7- متابولیسم بافت چربی............................................................................................................... 15

2-2-8- پروتئینهای مشتق از چربی......................................................................................................... 16

2-2-9- مروری بر دستگاه ایمنی............................................................................................................ 17

2-2-10- نمای کلی دستگاه ایمنی.......................................................................................................... 17

2-2-10- ایمنی ذاتی و ایمنی اکتسابی...................................................................................................  17

2-2-11- سلول های دستگاه ایمنی......................................................................................................... 19

2-2-12-گلبول های سفید............................................................................................................. 19

2-2-13- التهاب............................................................................................................................ 21

2-2-14- عوامل محلول در پاسخ های ایمنی................................................................................... 21

2-2-15- سایتوکاین ها.................................................................................................................. 22

2-2-16- اینترلوکین β1 (β1-IL) ................................................................................................. 24

2-2-17- فاکتور نکروز کننده ی تومور (TNF)................................................................................ 25

2-2-18- چربی (لیپیدها)............................................................................................................... 27

2-2-19- اسیدهای چرب..................................................................................................................... 27

2-2-20- اسیدهای چرب امگا-3..................................................................................................... 28

2-2- 21-   EPA،DHA...................................................................................................................... 29

2-2-22- مصرف اسیدهای چرب در رژیم غذایی انسانها.................................................................... 31

2-2-23- چگونگی تاثیر اسیدهای چرب بر دستگاه ایمنی................................................................. 32

2-2-24- پروستوگلاندین 2E و لکوترین 4L....................................................................................34

2-2-25-4L................................................................................................................................... 34

2-2-26-2PGE............................................................................................................................. 34

2-2-27- اثر امگا-3 بر دستگاه ایمنی……………………..…………..…………………………………................... 36

2-2-28- مکانیزم اثر PUFAs بر عوامل التهابی.............................................................................. 36

2-2-29- تاثیر کوتاه مدت مصرف امگا-3 بر دستگاه ایمنی…………………..……….…………………………. 40

2-2-30- فعالیت بدنی و مکمل3n- PUFAs................................................................................... 41

2-2-31- تمرینات فزاینده................................................................................................................... 44

2-3- پیشینه تحقیق....................................................................................................................... 45

فصل سوم: روش شناسی تحقیق      55

3-1- مقدمه................................................................................................................................... 56

3-2- روش تحقیق.......................................................................................................................... 56

3-3- جامعه و نمونه آماری............................................................................................................. 56

3-4- متغییرهای تحقیق................................................................................................................. 57

3-5- مواد مصرفی، ابزارها و روش های جمع آوری داده................................................................... 58

3-6- ابزارهای اندازه گیری............................................................................................................. 59

3-6-1- اندازه گیری حداکثر ضربان قلب(HR max)....................................................................... 59

3-6-2- خون گیری......................................................................................................................... 61

3-6-3- اندازه گیری TNF-α،β 1-IL و انسولین............................................................................... 61

3-6-4- اندازه گیری قد و وزن........................................................................................................ 62

3-7- روش مصرف مکمل................................................................................................................. 62

3-8- روش های آزمایشگاهی........................................................................................................... 62

3-8-1- جمع آوری نمونه خونی....................................................................................................... 62

3-8-2- جداسازی سلول های تک هسته ای خون محیطی (PBMC)................................................................. 63

3-8-3-کشت سلول های PBMC و تحریک آنها  به PHA.............................................................................. 63

3-9- روش های آماری.................................................................................................................... 63

فصل چهارم: تجزیه و تحلیل آماری     65

4-1- مقدمه................................................................................................................................... 66

4-2- توصیف داده ها......................................................................................................................66

4-3- آزمون فرضیه ها.................................................................................................................... 67

فرض اول....................................................................................................................................... 66

فرض دوم....................................................................................................................................... 68

فرض سوم...................................................................................................................................... 70

فصل پنجم: بحث و نتیجه گیری  73

بحث و نتیجه گیری..................................................................................................................... 74

5-1- مقدمه...................................................................................................................................74

5-2- خلاصه.................................................................................................................................. 74

نتیجه گیری .................................................................................................................................................................................. 80

5-3-پیشنهادات حاصل از تحقیق....................................................................................................... 81

5-4- پیشنهادات برای تحقیقات آتی:............................................................................................... 81

منابع.................................

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