پایان نامه بررسی آزمایشگاهی رفتار خزشی خاک‌ ها تحت تنش برشی ثابت

فهرست:

فصل اول: کلیات

1-1- مقدمه ................................................................................................................................................................................2

1-2- اهداف ................................................................................................................................................................................3

1-3- ترتیب پایان­نامه ................................................................................................................................................................4

فصل دوم: پیشینه­ی تحقیق

2-1- تحکیم ...............................................................................................................................................................................6

2-2- خزش ............................................................................................................................................................................. 11

فصل سوم: مبانی نظری پژوهش

3-1- تحکیم ........................................................................................................................................................................... 26

3-2- تغییرات حجم خاک  ..................................................................................................................................................... 26

3-3- عوامل مؤثر در تغییر حجم خاک  ................................................................................................................................. 29

3-3-1- عکس­العمل فیزیکی بین ذرات  ............................................................................................................................... 29

3-3-2- عکس­العمل فیزیکیوشیمیایی بین ذرات .................................................................................................................. 30

3-3-3- محیط شیمیایی و دارای مواد آلی  ........................................................................................................................... 30

3-3-4- خواص معدنی ........................................................................................................................................................... 30

3-3-5- بافت و ساختار .......................................................................................................................................................... 30

3-3-6- تاریخچه­ی تنش ...................................................................................................................................................... 31

3-3-7- دما ............................................................................................................................................................................ 35

3-3-8- تغییرات شیمیایی آب حفره­ای .................................................................................................................................. 35

3-3-9- دست­خوردگی ........................................................................................................................................................... 36

3-3-10- تأثیر دوام بار  ......................................................................................................................................................... 38

3-3-11- نسبت افزایش بار  .................................................................................................................................................. 39

3-4- بررسی روابط تنش-کرنش ........................................................................................................................................... 40

3-4-1- خط حالت بحرانی خاک (معادله ترزاقی)  ............................................................................................................... 40

3-5- مقاومت برشی خاک­ها  ................................................................................................................................................  41

3-5-1- معرفی  ....................................................................................................................................................................  41

3-5-2- اهمیت  ....................................................................................................................................................................  46

3-5-3- عبارت­های کلیدی  .................................................................................................................................................. 47

3-5-4- پاسخ خاک در برابر نیروهای برشی  ........................................................................................................................ 48

3-5-4-1- تأثیر افزایش تنش مؤثر قائم  .............................................................................................................................. 50

3-5-4-2- تأثیر نسبت پیش­تحکیمی  .................................................................................................................................. 51

3-5-4-3- تأثیر زهکشی فشار آب منفذی  .......................................................................................................................... 52

3-5-4-4- تأثیر چسبندگی  ................................................................................................................................................... 54

3-6- نمودار گسیختگی موهر و معادله­ی گسیختگی کلمب  ................................................................................................ 55

3-7- آزمایش برش مستقیم  .................................................................................................................................................. 61

3-8- خزش  ........................................................................................................................................................................... 63

3-8-1- مقدمه  ...................................................................................................................................................................... 63

3-8-2- مبانی نظری  ............................................................................................................................................................ 65

3-8-3- آزمایش خزش در خاک  .......................................................................................................................................... 66

3-8-4- آزمایش خزش با دستگاه برش مستقیم  .................................................................................................................. 69

3-9- الگوهای رفتاری تابع زمان مصالح  .............................................................................................................................. 75

3-9-1- الگوهای رفتاری ساده­ی مصالح  ............................................................................................................................. 75

3-9-1-1- الگوی یک فنر  ................................................................................................................................................... 75

3-9-1-2- الگوی یک لغزنده  .............................................................................................................................................. 76

3-9-1-3- الگوی تغییرشکل زمانی (میراگر)  ....................................................................................................................... 77

3-9-2- الگوی رفتاری کشسان-خمیری کامل  ................................................................................................................... 78

3-9-3- الگوی رفتاری کشسان- خمیری  ............................................................................................................................ 79

3-9-4- الگوهای گرانرو کشسان  ......................................................................................................................................... 80

3-9-4-1- الگوی ماکسول  .................................................................................................................................................. 81

3-9-4-2- الگوی کلوین  ...................................................................................................................................................... 84

3-9-4-3- الگوی برگر  ........................................................................................................................................................ 86

3-9-4- الگوی کشسان- گرانرو خمیری  ............................................................................................................................. 87

3-9-5- مدل­های پدیدار شناختی  ......................................................................................................................................... 88

3-9-5-1- کاربرد در رفتار تنش- کرنش  ............................................................................................................................ 88

3-9-5-2- کاربرد در رفتار کرنش- زمان  ............................................................................................................................ 90

فصل چهارم: مطالعات آزمایشگاهی

4-1- مقدمه ............................................................................................................................................................................ 92

4-2- آزمایش­های شاخص ..................................................................................................................................................... 93

4-2-1- آزمایش دانه­بندی ..................................................................................................................................................... 93

4-2-2- آزمایش چگالی نسبی دانه­ها .................................................................................................................................... 94

4-2-3- آزمایش­های تعیین حدود اتربرگ ............................................................................................................................. 95

4-3- آماده‌سازی نمونه .......................................................................................................................................................... 97

4-4- آزمایش تحکیم .............................................................................................................................................................100

4-4-1- دستگاه تحکیم (ادئومتر) ........................................................................................................................................ 100

4-4-2- انجام آزمایش­های تحکیم ...................................................................................................................................... 100

4-4-3- بررسی تأثیر میزان فشار تحکیمی بر رفتار کرنش حجمی خاک مورد مطالعه ...................................................... 101

4-5- آزمایش برش مستقیم ................................................................................................................................................. 108

4-5-1- تأثیر سرعت برش در مقاومت برشی خاک مورد مطالعه ....................................................................................... 110

4-5-2- بررسی پارامترهای مقاومتی خاک­های مورد مطالعه .............................................................................................. 112

4-6- آزمایش­های خزش برشی  .......................................................................................................................................... 116

4-6-1- دستگاه الحاقی اعمال نیروی برشی ثابت  ............................................................................................................. 118

4-6-2- اثر سخت­شدگی خاک  ........................................................................................................................................... 119

4-6-3- آستانه­ی گسیختگی  .............................................................................................................................................. 123

4-6-3-1- سری اول  .......................................................................................................................................................... 124

4-6-3-2- سری دوم  ......................................................................................................................................................... 127

4-6-3-3- سری سوم  ........................................................................................................................................................ 130

فصل پنجم: نتیجه­گیری

5-1- مقدمه ...........................................................................................................................................................................134

5-2- مشاهدات .................................................................................................................................................................... 134

5-3- نتیجه­گیری ................................................................................................................................................................. 135

فهرست منابع و مآخذ  ........................................................................................................................................................... 136

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