پایان نامه شبیه¬سازی عددی سلول خورشیدی مبتنی بر نانو نوار گرافن با استفاده از روش تابع گرین غیرتعادلی NEGF

فهرست:

عنوان                                                                                                                               صفحه

فهرست جدول‌ها ‌د

فهرست شکل‌‌ها ‌ه

فصل 1-    مقدمه    1

1-1-     پیشگفتار 1

1-2-   تاریخچه ی سلول های خورشیدی.. 1

1-3-   انواع سلول های خورشیدی.. 2

1-3-1-    نسل اوّل سلول های خورشیدی (سلول های کریستالی سیلیکون) 2

1-3-1-1-  فرآیند رشد کریستال های نیمه هادی ها 2

1-3-1-2-  سلول های خورشیدی کریستالی سیلیکونی.. 4

1-3-2-    نسل دوم سلول های خورشیدی (سلول های لایه نازک) 4

1-3-2-1-  سلول های خورشیدی لایه نازک سیلیکون.. 5

1-3-2-2-  سلول های خورشیدی لایه نازک کلکوپریت... 5

1-3-2-3-  سلول های خورشیدی لایه نازک کادمیم تلوراید. 6

1-3-2-4-  سلول های خورشیدی لایه نازک ارگانیک... 7

1-3-3-    نسل سوم سلول های خورشیدی.. 8

1-3-3-1-  سلول های خورشیدی با پیوند چندگانه. 9

1-3-3-2-  سلول های خورشیدی با  طیف های ورودی چندگانه. 12

1-3-3-2-1- سلول ترموفوتوولتی   12

1-3-3-2-2- سلول ترموفوتونی 12

1-3-3-3-  سلول های خورشیدی با مسیرهای جذب چندگانه. 13

1-3-3-4-  سلول های خورشیدی با سطوح انرژی چندگانه. 14

1-3-3-5-  سلول های خورشیدی با دماهای چندگانه. 14

1-3-4-    سلول های خورشیدی نانوساختار 15

1-3-5-    استفاده از نانوسیم ها در سلول های خورشیدی.. 15

1-3-5-1-  معرفی نانوسیم            15

1-3-5-2-  ویژگی های الکتریکی و نوری نانوسیم. 16

1-3-5-3-  سلول های خورشیدی مبتنی بر نانوسیم. 17

1-3-6-    استفاده از نانولوله در سلول های خورشیدی.. 20

1-3-6-1-  معرفی نانولوله            20

1-3-6-2-  ویژگی های الکتریکی و نوری نانولوله ها 21

1-3-6-3-  سلول های خورشیدی مبتنی بر نانولوله. 22

1-4-   استفاده از گرافن در سلول های خورشیدی.. 25

1-5-   ساختار پایاننامه. 25

فصل 2-   گرافن: ویژگی ها، کاربردها و روش های ساخت... 26

2-1-   مقدمه    26

2-2-   ویژگی های گرافن.. 26

2-2-1-    ساختار اتمی گرافن.. 26

2-2-2-    ویژگی های الکتریکی والکترونیکی گرافن.. 27

2-2-2-1-  کریستال دو بعدی      27

2-2-2-2-  ساختار نواری مخروطی.. 27

2-2-2-3-  روش های ویژه جهت ایجاد گاف انرژی.. 29

2-2-2-4-  وابستگی جرم سیکلوترون به جذر چگالی حامل.. 29

2-2-2-5-  حامل های بار بدون جرم (فرمیونهای دیراک) 30

2-2-2-6-  حداقل رسانایی غیر صفر. 31

2-2-2-7-  ترابرد بالیستیک        31

2-2-2-8-  اثر هال کوانتومی غیر معمول و پدیده ی فاز بری.. 33

2-2-2-9-  اثر میدان آمبایپلار ( آلایش الکتروستاتیک ) 33

2-2-3-    ویژگی های نوری گرافن.. 34

2-3-   روش های ساخت گرافن.. 35

2-4-     نانو نوارهای گرافن.. 36

فصل 3-   روش تابع گرین غیرتعادلی و کاربرد آن در شبیه سازی ادوات نیمه هادی.. 39

3-1-   مقدمه    39

3-2-   مفهوم ریاضی تابع گرین.. 39

3-3-   روش تابع گرین غیرتعادلی(NEGF) 41

3-3-1-    مفاهیم مقدماتی.. 41

3-3-2-    استفاده از NEGF برای شبیه سازی ترابرد بالیستیک(بدون تلفات) 44

3-3-3-    استفاده از روش NEGF در شبیه سازی ترابرد غیر بالیستیک(تلفاتی) 46

3-3-3-1-  درهمکنش الکترون- الکترون.. 46

3-3-3-2-  درهمکنش های الکترون- فونون و الکترون-فوتون.. 47

3-3-4-    پایه های نمایش در روش NEGF (فضای واقعی و فضای مود) 49

فصل 4-   روش شبیه سازی.. 50

4-1-   مقدمه    50

4-2-   فلوچارت کامل شبیه سازی.. 50

4-3-   تشکیل همیلتونین.. 52

4-3-1-    همیلتونین در فضای حقیقی.. 53

4-3-2-    تبدیل همیلتونین به نمایش در فضای مود. 54

4-4-   خود-انرژی ناشی از اتصالات... 57

4-5-   خود-انرژی ناشی از درهمکنش الکترون- فوتون.. 58

4-6-   چالش های محاسباتی در شبیه سازی عددی.. 59

4-7-   راه حل های ممکن جهت عبور از چالش های محاسباتی.. 60

فصل 5-   نتایج شبیه سازی.. 61

5-1-   مقدمه    61

5-2-   نتایج شبیه سازی.. 61

فصل 6-   پیشنهادات... 64

6-1     بررسی و مطالعه ی دقیق بر روی راه حل های شبیه سازی عددی سلول های خورشیدی نانوساختار با استفاده از روش NEGF  و بهره بردن از تکنیک های تسریع محاسبات از جمله برنامه نویسی موازی به منظور دست یابی به نتایج قابل قبول علمی.. 64

6-2     شبیه سازی سلول خورشیدی مبتنی بر گرافن با استفاده از ساختار ابر-شبکه (به روشه ای مختلف) 64

6-3       طراحی مدل جدیدی از IB-QD-SC با استفاده از ساختار ابر شبکه ی گرافن.. 64

6-4     شبیه سازی سلول های خورشیدی و آشکارسازهای نوری پلاسمونیک با استفاده از گرافن و طلا (با کمک Comsol) 64

6-5     طراحی سلول خورشیدی با جذب نور بسیار بالا به وسیله ی گرافن چند لایه به همراه لایه های میانی شفاف (مثلا H-BN) 64

فهرست مراجع.. 65

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