فهرست:
فصل اول: کلیات
1-1. مقدمه .............................................................................................................................................................................................................
2
1-2. ضرورت تحقیق ...................................................................................................................................................................................
5
1-3. اهداف ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
3
1-4. نوع تحقیق ..................................................................................................................................................................................................
3
1-5. ساختار پایان نامه ..................................................................................................................................................................................
3
فصل دوم: تاریخچه تحقیق
2-1. مقدمه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5
2-2. آب شستگی چیست؟ .........................................................................................................................................................................
5
2-3. انواع آب شستگی ................................................................................................................................................................................
5
2-4. مکانیزم های آب شستگی موضعی........................................................................................................................................
8
2-5.آغاز حرکت ذرات بستر .................................................................................................................................................................
10
2-5-1. روش نیروی کشش بحرانی ...........................................................................................................................
10
2-6. دسته بندی آب شستگی موضعی ...........................................................................................................................................
12
2-7. دسته بندی پارامترهای موثر فرآیند آب شستگی .................................................................................................
14
2-7-1. عمق جریان ............................................................................................................................................................
15
االف
2-7-2. نسبت انقباض .......................................................................................................................................................
16
2-7-3. درشتی ذرات بستر و دانه بندی ............................................................................................................
16
2-7-4. اندازه ذرات ..........................................................................................................................................................
20
2-8. گسترش گودال آب شستگی با زمان ............................................................................................................................
19
2-9. تشکیل ناهمواری های موجی شکل در بستر ماسه ای ..................................................................................
20
2-10. تعریف طوقه ..........................................................................................................................................................................................
22
2-11. کارهای قبلی انجام شده در زمینه طوقه ها ...........................................................................................................
23
2-12. معرفی چالش ها .................................................................................................................................................................................
33
فصل سوم: روش تحقیق
3-1. مقدمه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................
35
3-2.کانال .................................................................................................................................................................................................................
35
3-3. سرعت جریان ..........................................................................................................................................................................................
38
3-4. ثبت نقطه ماکزیمم آب شستگی و برداشت توپوگرافی گودال آب شستگی ...................
40
3-5. پایه های پل مدل سازی شده ..................................................................................................................................................
41
3-6. ایده استفاده از طوقه های لبه دار ....................................................................................................................................
43
3-7. ماسه بستر .......................................................................................................................................................................................................
47
3-8. آستانه حرکت ذرات بستر ............................................................................................................................................................
48
3-8-1. روش دیاگرام شیلدز............................................................................................................................................
48
3-8-2. روش فرمول های تجربی.................................................................................................................................
52
3-8-3. آزمایش تعیین سرعت بحرانی....................................................................................................................
53
3-9. برنامه ریزی آزمایش ها ..................................................................................................................................................................
55
3-10. روش کلی انجام آزمایش ها و جمع آوری اطلاعات ..................................................................................
56
فصل چهارم: ارائه و آنالیز نتایج
4-1. معرفی ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................
59
4-2. نتایج آزمایش ها ....................................................................................................................................................................................
59
2-4-1. پایه بدون طوقه ( پایه شاهد) ........................................................................................................
61
4-2-2. پایه با طوقه بدون لبه در تراز +5 cm ...............................................................................
65
4-2-3. پایه با طوقه cm 5/0 قائم در تراز +5 cm .......................................................
69
4-2-4. پایه با طوقه cm1 قائم در تراز +5 cm ...................................................................
72
4-2-5. پایه با طوقه cm 5/1 قائم در تراز +5 cm ...................................................................
74
4-2-6. پایه با طوقه cm 5/0مایل در تراز +5 cm ...................................................................
76
4-2-7. پایه با طوقه cm 1 مایل در تراز +5 cm .................................................................
78
4-2-8. پایه با طوقه cm 5/1مایل در تراز +5 cm .................................................................
81
4-2-9. پایه با طوقه بدون لبه در تراز +2/5 cm ..........................................................................
83
4-2-10. پایه با طوقه cm 5/0 قائم در تراز +2/5 cm .........................................................
87
4-2-11. پایه با طوقه cm 1 قائم در تراز +2/5 cm...........................................................
90
4-2-12. پایه با طوقه cm 5/1 قائم در تراز +2/5 cm .........................................................
92
4-2-13. پایه با طوقه cm 5/0 مایل در تراز +2/5 cm .........................................................
97
4-2-14. پایه با طوقه cm 1 مایل در تراز +2/5 cm .........................................................
96
4-2-15. پایه با طوقه cm 5/1 مایل در تراز +2/5 cm ........................................................
98
4-2-16. پایه با طوقه بدون لبه در تراز cm0 .........................................................................
101
4-2-17. پایه با طوقه cm 5/0 قائم در تراز 0 cm ........................................
107
4-2-18. پایه با طوقه cm 1 قائم در تراز 0 cm .............................................
109
4-2-19. پایه با طوقه cm 5/1 قائم در تراز 0 cm .............................................
112
4-2-20. پایه با طوقه cm 5/0 مایل در تراز 0 cm ............................................
114
4-2-21. پایه با طوقه cm 1 مایل در تراز 0 cm .........................................
117
4-2-22. پایه با طوقه cm 5/1 مایل در تراز 0 cm .........................................
119
4-2-23. پایه با طوقه بدون لبه در تراز cm5/1- .......................................................................
121
4-2-24. پایه با طوقه cm 5/0 قائم در تراز cm 5/1- ..........................................................
127
4-2-25. پایه با طوقه cm 1 قائم در تراز cm 5/1- .........................................
130
4-2-26. پایه با طوقه cm 5/1 قائم در تراز cm 5/1- .........................................
132
4-2-27. پایه با طوقه cm 5/0 مایل در تراز cm 5/1- .....................................
135
4-2-28. پایه با طوقه cm 1 مایل در تراز cm 5/1- .....................................
137
4-2-29. پایه با طوقه cm 5/1 مایل در تراز cm 5/1- ........................................
139
4-2-30. پایه با طوقه بدون لبه در تراز -3 cm ...................................................................
142
4-2-31. پایه با طوقه با لبه cm5/0 قائم در تراز -3 cm .........................................
147
4-2-32. پایه با طوقه با لبهcm 1 قائم در تراز -3 cm .........................................
150
4-2-33. پایه با طوقه با لبه cm5/1 قائم در تراز -3 cm .........................................
153
4-2-34. پایه با طوقه با لبه cm 5/0مایل در تراز -3 cm .......................................
155
4-2-35. پایه با طوقه با لبه cm1 مایل در تراز -3 cm ........................................
158
4-2-36. پایه با طوقه با لبه cm5/1 مایل در تراز -3 cm .....................................
160
4-3. آنالیز نتایج ...................................................................................................................................................................................................
163
فصل پنجم: نتیجه گیری و ارائه پیشنهادات
5-1. مقدمه ................................................................................................................................................................................................................
170
5-2. نتیجه گیری .................................................................................................................................................................................................
170
5-3. پیشنهادات ..................................................................................................................................................................................................
174
منابع ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
175
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