پایان نامه اثرات وابسته به زمان تمرین تناوبی شدید کوتاه مدت بر پویای جذب اکسیژن دختران

فهرست:

   عنوان

  صفحه  

فصل اول: کلیّات تحقیق

1-1- مقدمه.......................................................................................................................................... 1

1-2- بیان مسأله پژوهشی................................................................................................................. 2

1-3- اهمیت و ضرورت انجام تحقیق.............................................................................................. 7

1-4- اهداف تحقیق............................................................................................................................. 8

1-4-1- هدف اصلی...........................................................................................................................  8

 1-4-2- اهداف فرعی......................................................................................................................... 8

1-5- فرضیه های تحقیق ................................................................................................................  9

1-6- قلمرو تحقیق.............................................................................................................................. 9

1-7- محدودیتهای تحقیق................................................................................................................ 9

 1-8- تعریف واژگان.......................................................................................................................  10

فصل دوّم: ادبیات و پیشینه تحقیق

2-1- مقدمه........................................................................................................................................... 13

2-2- مبانی نظری................................................................................................................................ 13

2-2- 1 تمرین تناوبی(اینتروال):...................................................................................................... 13

       2-2-2- طرح کلی از تمرین گرشلر:................................................................................................ 15  

2-2-3 تمرین اینتروال مدرن:........................................................................................................... 16

2-2-4-  برنامه کلی از تمرین اینتروال مدرن:.............................................................................. 19

  عنوان

                            صفحه

2-2- 5- تمرین تناوبی و حداکثر اکسیژن مصرفی (vo2max)... .................................... 19

2-2-6- تمرین تناوبی (اینتروال) وپویایی جذب اکسیژن:.........................................................21

2-2-7- تمرین های تناوبی و بیماریها:.......................................................................................25

2-2-8- تمرینات تناوبی وتغذیه....................................................................................................26

2-2-9- تمرین اینتروال در زنان....................................................................................................27

2-2-10- تمرین اینتروال در مردان..............................................................................................29

2-2-11- تفاوتهای بین زنان و مردان...........................................................................................30

2-2-12- تمرین اینتروال در افراد مسن.......................................................................................35

2-2-13- تمرین اینتروال در کودکان ونوجوانان..........................................................................36

2-2-14- سازگاری های ساختاری به تمرینات HIIT...............................................................37

2-2- 15- پویایی اکسیژن........................................................................................................... 39

2-2-15-1-نگاهی به پویایی جذب اکسیژن در گذشته...........................................................40

2-2-15-2- مبانی ریاضی پویایی اکسیژن در گذشته...............................................................41

2-2-15-3-مشخصات ورزش در حوزه شدت متوسط..............................................................46

2-2-15-4- پاسخ پویایی VO2 در ورزش سنگین .................................................................48

2-2-15-5- پاسخ پویایی VO2 به ورزش خیلی سنگین........................................................51

2-2-15-6- پاسخ پویایی در دامنه خیلی شدید........................................................................53

عنوان

                            صفحه

2-2-15-7- جزء آهسته.................................................................................................................54

2-2-15-8- پویایی جذب اکسیژن در کودکان...........................................................................56

2-2-15-9- مبانی ریاضی کینتیک..............................................................................................58

2-2-16- مطالعات انجام شده در داخل کشور .........................................................................59

2-2-17- مطالعات انجام شده در خارج از کشور.......................................................................59

فصل سوم: روش شناسی تحقیق

3-1- مقدمه.......................................................................................................................................63

3-2- روش و طرح تحقیق.............................................................................................................63

3-3- جامعه آماری..........................................................................................................................63  

3-4- مراحل تحقیق.......................................................................................................................63

3-5- نمودار روش کار.....................................................................................................................64

3-6- روش اجرای تحقیق...............................................................................................................64

3-7- ابزارهای اندازه گیری.............................................................................................................66

3-7-1 گاز آنالایزر............................................................................................................................66

3-7-2- دوچرخه کارسنج...............................................................................................................67

3-7-3- پرسشنامه...........................................................................................................................68

3-7-4- ترازو و متر نواری..............................................................................................................68

  عنوان

                         صفحه

3-8- روش های اندازه گیری..........................................................................................................69

3-8-1- آزمون نفس به نفس...........................................................................................................69

3-9- متغیرهای تحقیق....................................................................................................................70

3-10- روش آماری............................................................................................................................70

                                  فصل چهارم:تجزیه وتحلیل داده ها

4-1- مقدمه........................................................................................................................................73

4-2- اطلاعات توصیفی گروههای آموزشی..................................................................................73

4-3- فرضیه 1 : یک جلسه تمرین اینتروال شدید بر فاکتورهای پویایی اکسیژن (VO2 max

، کسر اکسیژن و ثابت زمانی اول و دوم ) دختران اثر ندارد......................................................74

4-4- فرضیه 2: دو جلسه تمرین اینتروال شدید بر بر فاکتورهای پویایی اکسیژن (vo2 max ،

کسر اکسیژن و ثابت زمانی اول و دوم ) دختران اثر ندارد.........................................................76

4-5-فرضیه 3:چهار جلسه تمرین اینتروال شدید بر فاکتورهای پویایی اکسیژن (vo2 max ،

کسر اکسیژن و ثابت زمانی اول و دوم ) دختران اثر ندارد........................................................79

4-6- فرضیه4:  1 ، 2 و4 جلسه تمرین اینتروال شدید بر فاکتورهای پویایی اکسیژن (

VO2 max، کسر اکسیژن و ثابت زمانی اول و دوم ) دختران اثر ندارد.................................81

فصل پنجم : بحث و نتیجه گیری

5-1- مقدمه.......................................................................................................................................85

عنوان

                      صفحه

5-2- خلاصه تحقیق ......................................................................................................................85

5-3- بحث و نتیجه گیری..............................................................................................................89

5-3-1- تاثیر یک جلسه تمرین اینتروال بر فاکتورهای پویایی اکسیژن (VO2max

، کسر اکسیژن و ثابت زمانی اول و دوم) دختران......................................................................90

5-3-2- تاثیر دو جلسه تمرین اینتروال بر فاکتورهای پویایی اکسیژن (Vo2max ،

 کسر اکسیژن و ثابت زمانی اول و دوم) دختران.......................................................................92

5-3-3- تاثیر چهار جلسه تمرین اینتروال بر فاکتورهای پویایی اکسیژن (VO2 max

وکسر اکسیژن و ثابت زمانی اول و دوم) دختران .....................................................................94

5-3-4- مقایسه تأثیر یک، دو و چهار جلسه تمرین اینتروال شدیدبر فاکتورهای

 پویایی اکسیژن ( vo2 max ،کسر اکسیژن وثابت زمانی اول و دوم)دختران................95

5-4- افزایش یافتن VO2max....................................................................................................96

5-5- کاهش یافتن کسر اکسیژن و ثابت زمانی دوم.................................................................96

5-6- کاهش یافتن ثابت زمانی اول...............................................................................................97

5-7- پیشنهادهای برخاسته از تحقیق..........................................................................................97

5-8- پیشنهاد برای تحقیق های آتی ..........................................................................................97

فهرست منابع

منابع فارسی ولاتین ..........................................................................................................................99

منبع:

مولف ، رابرت رابرگز و اسکات رابرتس.1958،مترجم ، عباسعلی گائینی و ولی الله دبیدی روشن . 1384.اصول بنیادی فیزیولوژی ورزشی .

حمید رجبی . بررسی تأثیر تمرینات هوازی کوتاه مدت در محیط آلوده بر CBC و مقدار لیپیدها و لیپو پروتئین های سرم و زمان اجرا در موش های آزمایشگاهی. پژوهش در علوم ورزشی، دوره : 1 ،شماره : 3، پاییز 1381 ،ص.1 تا 25 .

تئودور.اُ. بومپا .  مترجم، دکتر معرفت سیاه کوهیان، دکتر حمید آقا علی نژاد و دکتر حمید رجبی. 1346.زمان بندی تمرین (اصول و روش شماسی تمرینات ورزشی).

مولف :جک ویلمور و دیوید ال کاستیل . مترجم : دکتر ضیاء معینی ، فرهاد رحمانی نیا ، حمید رجبی ،حمید آقا علی نژاد ، فاطمه سلامی .انتشارات مبتکران ،چاپ پنجم 1385 . فیزولوژی ورزش و فعالیت بدنی .

فهیمه اسفرجانی ،حجت ال نیک بخت ،حمید رجبی. تاثیر برنامه تمرینی شدید بر Tmax , vVO2max , VO2max و زمان اجرای دوی 3000 متر دوندگان تمرین کرده. فصل نامه المپیک . سال1385 چاپ 14 شماره 1(پیاپی33).

6. نجمه رضایی نژاد ، پروانه نظرعلی ، حمید رجبی . تأثیر شدت گرم کردن بر پویایی اکسیژن فعالیت زیر بیشینه در زنان تیم ملی فوتسال . پزوهش در علوم ورزشی. بهار 1389.شماره 26.

7-Artero EG, Lee DC, Lavie CJ, España-Romero V, Sui X, Church TS, Blair SN.)2012( Aug 17.Effects of Muscular.Strength on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Prognosis.CardiopulmRehabil Prev.

8-Astrand, P-O., and K. R odahl.(1986). Textbook of Work Physiology.New York, NY: McGraw-HillBookCompany.

9-Astrand PO, Bergh U, Kilbom A.(1997) Jun.A 33-yr follow-up of peak oxygen uptake and related variables of former physical education students.JAppl Physiol.

10-Andera E. Rowan, Tannin E. Kueffner, and Stasinos Stavrianeas.(2012).Short Duration High-Intensity Interval Training Improves Aerobic Conditioning of Female College Soccer Players.International  Journal of  Exercise  Science  5(3) :  232-238,  (2012).

11-Alvarez C, Ramírez R, Flores M, Zúñiga C, Celis-Morales CA. (2012). [Effect of sprint interval training and resistance exercise on metabolic markers in overweight women]. Rev Med Chil. (2012 ).Oct;140(10):1289-96.

12-Ana Carolina Corte de Araujo , H amilton Ros chel , Andre ia Rossi Picanc¸o, Dani lo Marcelo Leite doPrad o, Sand ra Mara Fer reira Villares , Ana Lu´ cia de Sa´ Pinto, Bruno Gualano(.2012). Similar Health Benefits of Endurance and High-Inten sity Inter val Training in Obese Children. PLoS ONE 7(8): e42747.doi:10.1371/jo urnal.pone. 0042747.

  13-Astorino TA, Allen RP, Roberson DW, Jurancich M.2012.Effect of high-intensity interval training on cardiovascular function, VO2max, and muscular force. J Strength Cond Res. (2012). Jan;26(1):138-45.

14-Astorino TA, Schubert MM, Palumbo E, Stirling D, McMillan DW, Cooper C, Godinez J, Martinez D, Gallant R..2013Magnitude and time course of changes in maximal oxygen uptake in response to distinct regimens of chronic interval training in sedentary women. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013 Jun 11. [Epub ahead of print].

15-Brian Glancy,1 Thomas Barstow,2 and Wayne T. Willis1.April (2007).Linear relation between time constant of oxygen uptake kinetics, total creatine, and mitochondrial content in vitro.Submitted 3.

16-Berger NJ, Campbell IT, Wilkerson DP, & Jones AM.(2006). Influence of acute plasma volume expansion on VO2 kinetics, VO2 peak, and performance during high-intensity cycle exercise.J ApplPhysiol 101.

17-Berger NJA, Tolfrey K, Williams AG, Jones AM. Influence of continuous and interval training on oxygen uptake on-kinetics. Med Sci Sports Exerc 38: 504–512, (2006).

18-Bonen and Lawrence L. Spriet.Jason L. Talanian, Stuart D. R. Galloway, George J. F. Heigenhauser, Arend , (2007).Two weeks of high-intensity aerobic interval training increases the capacityfor fat oxidation during exercise in women .J ApplPhysiol 102: 1439 –1447.

19-Bryon R. McKay, ،Donald H. Paterson, ،and John M. Kowalchuk.(2009) . Effect of short-term high-intensity interval training vs. continuous training on O2 uptake kinetics, muscle deoxygenation, and exercise performance. J Appl Physiol 107: 128–138,( 2009).

20-Billy Sperlich.Christoph Zinner.Ilka Heilemann.Per-Ludvik Kjendlie.Hans-Christer Holmberg .Joachim Mester.(2010).High-intensity interval training improves VO2peak, maximal lactate accumulation, time trial and competition performance in 9–11-year-old swimmers. Eur J Appl Physiol (2010) 110:1029–1036.

21-Burgomaster KA, Hughes SC, Heigenhauser GJ, Brandwell SN, Gibala MJ.increases muscle oxidative potential and six sessions of spirint interval training cycle endurance capacity in humans. J Appl Physiol .(2005) Jun;98(6):1985-90.

22-Baker SK,Mccullagh kj,Bonen A.training intensity dependent and tissue specific incrases in  lactate  and MCT1 in heart and muscle.j.APPl.physiol.(1998);84(3):987-994.

23- Billat, Véronique L.; DeMarle, Alexandre; Slawinski, Jean; Paive, Mario; Koralsztein, Jean-Pierre (December 2001). "Physical and training characteristics of top-class marathon runners". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 33 (12). Retrieved 27 March (2011).

24- Billat, Véronique L.; J. Pierre Koralsztein (Aug 1996). "Significance of the Velocity at VO2max and Time to Exhaustion at this Velocity". Sports Med. 2: 90–108. Retrieved 27 March( 2011).

25- Buchan DS, Ollis S, Young JD, et al. (2011). "The effects of time and intensity of exercise on novel and established markers of CVD in adolescent youth". American Journal of Human Biology 23 (4): 517–26.

26-Bailey SJ, Wilkerson DP, Dimenna FJ, Jones AM.(2009).Influence of repeated sprint training on pulmonary O2 uptake and muscle deoxygenation kinetics in humans. J Appl Physiol. (2009) Jun;106(6):1875-87.

27-Burgomaster KA.,Heigenhauser GJ,Gibala carbohydrate metabolism during short term spirint interval training exercise and time trial performance. J Appl Physiol.(2006) Jon human skeletal 2041-7.Jun;100(6)

28-Burnley, Mark, Andrew M. Jones, Helen Carter, andJonathan H. Doust. Effects of prior heavy exercise on phaseII pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics during heavy exercise.J Appl Physiol 89: 1387–1396, 2000

29-Campbell CJ, Bonen A, Kirby RL, Belcastro AN.(1979) Muscle fiber composition and performance capacities of women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 11:260–265.

30-Cancela Carral JM, Ayan perez c, effects of high intensity combined training on women over 65.Gerontology.(2007 )Jun 15;53(6):102-108.

31-Chomistek AK, Chasman DI, Cook NR, Rimm EB, Lee IM.( 2012) Oct 15.[Physical Activity, Genes for Physical Fitness, and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease.MedSci Sports Exerc.

32-Carter H, Pringle JS, Jones AM, Doust JH. (2002). Oxygen uptake kinetics during treadmill running across exercise intensity domains. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2002 Feb;86(4):347-54.

33-Dona L.Tomlin ND howard A.Wenger.Sport med( 2001):31(1)1-11

34-David Bishop,1,2 Johann Edge,3 Claire Thomas,4,5 and Jacques Mercier4,6.(2007).Effects of high-intensity training on muscle lactate transporters and postexercise recovery of muscle lactate and hydrogen ions in women. Submitted 3 December different small‐sided games in elite young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res( 2011); 25(6): 1522–1528

35-Duey WJ, O'Brien WL, Crutchfield AB, Brown LA, Williford HN, Sharff-Olson M.(1998) Autumn.Effects of exercise training on aerobic fitness in African-American females.;8(3):306-11.

36-Drinkwater,B.L. women and exercise: physiologicaspects. exerc. Sport  Sci.Rev.12:21-51,(1984).]Sparling,PB.A meta-analysis of studies comparing maximal oxygen uptake in men and women.Res.Q.51:542-552,(1980).

37-David W. Hill, Major Professor،Noreen Goggin, Committee Member Jimmy C. Smith, Committee Member،James R. Morrow, Jr.(2000). Oxygen uptake kinetics in severe intensity exercise . university of north texas May (2000).

38-Daussin FN, Zoll J, Dufor SP, Ponsot E, Lonsdorfer-Wolf E, Doutreleau S, Mettauer B, Piquard F, Geny B, Richard R.(2008). Effect of interval vs. continuous training on cardiorespiratory and mitochondrial functions: relationship to aerobic performance improvements in sedentary subjects. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 295: R264–R272,( 2008).

39-Esbjörnsson-Liljedahl M, Holm I, Sylvén C, Jansson E.(1996) Different responses of skeletal muscle following sprint training in men and women. Eur J Appl Physiol 74:375–383.

 40-Gonzales MM, Tarumi T, Kaur S, Nualnim N, Fallow BA, Pyron M, Tanaka H, Haley AP. Brain  Topogr.August (2012).Aerobic Fitness and the Brain: Increased N-Acetyl-Aspartate and Choline Concentrations in Endurance-Trained Middle-Aged Adults .Brain Topogr.

41-Guiraud T, Nigam A, Gremeaux V, Meyer P, Juneau M, Bosquet L. (2012). High-intensity interval training in cardiac rehabilitation.Sports Med.(2012)Jul 1;42(7):587-605.

42-Gibala MJ, McGee SL. 2008. Metabolic adaptations to short-term high-intensity interval training: a little pain for a lot of gain? Exerc Sport Sci Rev.(2008) Apr;36(2):58-63.

43-Gibala MJ.( 2013).Nutritional strategies to support adaptation to high-intensity interval training in team sports. Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser.( 2013);75:41-9.

44-Gibala MJ, Jones AM. (2013).Physiological and performance adaptations to high-intensity interval training.Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser.( 2013);76:51-60.

45G.Fisher,D.Schwartz,J.Quindry,D.Barberio,E.B.Foster,K.W.Jones،andD.D.Pascoe.(2011 .) Lymphocyte enzymatic antioxidant responses to oxidative stress following high-intensity interval exercise. Appl Physiol 110: 730–737, (2011).

46-Gerbino A, Ward SA, Whipp BJ.(1996) Effects of prior exercise on pulmonary gas exchange kinetics during high-intensity exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 80:99–107.

47-H. Hebestreit, S. Kriemler, R. L. Hughson and O. Bar-Or .(1998). Kinetics of oxygen uptake at the onset   of   exercise in boys and men  .85:1833-1841,;J ApplPhysiol.

48-Heart Disease and Stroke Statictics-(2007 )Update,American Heart Association.

49- "Interview with the founder of the world-renowned Tabata Protocol". Ritsumeikan University. Retrieved 30 January (2013).

50-Jones AM, Carter H.(2000) Jun.The effect of endurance training on parameters of aerobic fitness.Sports Med.

51-Jones AM, Krustrup P, Wilkerson DP, Berger NJ, Calbet JA, Bangsbo J. (2012) Influence of exercise intensity on skeletal muscle blood flow, O2 extraction and O2 uptake on-kinetics. J Physiol.

52-Jason L.Talanian,1.Stuart D.R.Galloway,2.George J.F.Heigenhauser,3.Arend Bonen,1.and Lawrence L.Spriet1(2007).Two weeks of high-intensity aerobic interval training increases the capacity for fat oxidation during exercise in women. J Appl Physiol 102: 1439 –1447, (2007).

53-Jennifer L. Sylvester, Samantha D. Burdette, Steven W. Cross, Nosa O. Idemudia, Johan, H. Curtis, Jakob L. Vingren, and David W. HILL .(2010) . The Effect of Work Rate on Oxygen Uptake Kinetics during Exhaustive  Severe Intensity Cycling Exercise. International Journal of Exercise Science.

54-Kirsten A. Burgomaster,1 Scott C. Hughes,1 George J.F. Heigenhauser,2 Suzanne N. Bradwell,1 and Martin J. Gibala1 .,( 2005).Six sessions of sprint interval training increases muscle oxidative potential and cycle endurance capacity in humans.J ApplPhysiol 98: 1985–1990.

55-Kessler HS, Sisson SB, Short KR.(2012). The potential for high-intensity interval training to reduce cardiometabolic disease risk.Sports Med. 2012 Jun 1;42(6):489-509.

56-López-Martínez S, Sánchez-López M, Solera-Martinez M, Arias-Palencia N, Fuentes-Chacón RM, Martínez-Vizcaíno V.(2012)Dec 7.Physical Activity, Fitness and Metabolic Syndrome in Young Adults.Int J Sport NutrExercMetab

57-Lauren Carlisle 2 ,and Melinda Sothern 3 .(2005) .COMPARISON OF OXYGEN UPTAKE KINETICS AND OXYGEN DEFICIT IN SEVERELY OVERWEIGHT AND NORMAL  WEIGHT ADOLESCENT FEMALES .Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 4, 430-436 .

58-Londeree BR.Effect of training on lactate/ventilator threshold:a meta analysis.Med Sci Sport Exerc.(1997):29:837-843.

59-Laurent CM, Vervaecke LS, Kutz MR, Green JM..(2013)Sex specific responses to self-paced, high-intensity interval training with variable recovery periods. J Strength Cond Res. 2013 Jul 8. [Epub ahead of print].

60-Leggate M, Carter WG, Evans MJ, Vennard RA, Sribala-Sundaram S, Nimmo MA.2012.Determination of inflammatory and prominent proteomic changes in plasma and adipose tissue after high-intensity intermittent training in overweight and obese males. J Appl Physiol. (2012 )Apr;112(8):1353-60.

61-Little, Jonathan P; Adeel S. Safdar, Geoffrey P. Wilkin, Mark A. Tarnopolsky, and Martin J. Gibala (2009). "A practical model of low-volume high-intensity interval training induces mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle: potential mechanisms". Journal of Physiology 588 (Pt6):1011-22. 

62-Moran sagiv1, offer Amir2, David Ben-Sira1&Ruthie Amir1. July(2007). Oxygen delivery of men and women at peak wingaye test submitted for publication: accepted forpublication.

63-Mark burnley& andrew M. jones.June( 2007).Oxygen uptake kinetics as a determinant of sports performance.European Journal of Sport Science.

64-Mark Loftin 1, Luke Heusel 1, Marc Bonis 1, Lauren Carlisle 2 and Melinda Sothern 3.(2005).Comparison of oxygen uptake kinetics and oxygen deficit in severely overweight and normal weight adolesCent females.Journal of Sports Science and Medicine.

65-McKenna MJ, Heigenhauser GJF, McKelvie RS,Obminski G, MacDougall JD, Jones NL.(1997) Enhanced pulmonary and active skeletal muscle gas exchange during intense exercise after sprint training in men. J Physiol (Lond) 501:703–716.

66-Mark Burnley,1.andrew M. Jones,2.Helen Carter,3.and Jonathan H. Doust3  . (2000) . Effects of prior heavy exercise on phase II pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics during heavy exercise . J Appl Physiol 89: 1387–1396, (2000).

67-Matsuo T, Saotome K, Seino S, Shimojo N, Matsushita A, Iemitsu M, Ohshima H, Tanaka K, Mukai C. (2013). Effects of a Low-Volume Aerobic-Type Interval Exercise on VO2max and Cardiac Mass. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2013) Jul 10. [Epub ahead of print].

68-Medbø JI, Burgers S.(1990) Effect of training on the anaerobic capacity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 22:501–507.

69-MacDonald M, Pedersen PK, Hughson RL.(1997) Acceleration of V˙o2 kinetics in heavy submaximal exercise by hyperoxia and prior high-intensity exercise. J Appl Physiol 83:1318–1325.

70-Neil Armstrong.(2007).BookPaediatric Exercise  physiology . Firstpublished.

71-Patil HR, O'Keefe JH, Lavie CJ, Magalski A, Vogel RA, McCullough PA.(2012) Jul.Cardiovascular damage resulting from chronic excessive endurance exercise.Mo Med.109(4):312-21

72-Patricia J. Manns, PhD, PT1, Corey R. Tomczak, MSc2, Anwar Jelani, MD3 and Robert G. Haennel, PhD1(.2010).oxygen uptake kinetics: assoociations with ambulatory activity and physical functional performance in stroke survivors.J Rehabil.

73-Pilegaard H, Domino K,Noland T, Juel C , Hellsten Y , Halestrap AP ,Bangspo.(1999). effect of high intensity exercise training on lactate/H+ Transport capacity in human skeletal muscle.Am.J.Physiol.(1999);276(2 pt 1):E255-61.

74-Parish HC, Jakeman PM.(1987) The effects of menstruation upon repeated maximal sprint performance. J Sports Sci 1:78.

 75-Peter John L Thompson (2010).The most significant advance in running training since the original interval training.Thompson (2010)، All Rights Reserved.

76-Perry CG, Heigenhauser GJ, Bonen A, Spriet LL.(2008).High-intensity aerobic interval training increases fat and carbohydrate metabolic capacities in human skeletal muscle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. (2008) Dec;33(6):1112-23.

77-Poole DC, Jones AM Oxygen uptake kinetics.(2012).Compr Physiol.(2012) Apr 1;2(2):933-96.

78-Raloh Rozenek,Kazuo Funato,Junjiro Kubo,Masako Hoshikawa,and،Akifumi Matsuo(2007).phtsiological responses to interval training sessions at velocities a ssociated with VO2max.Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, (2007), 21(1), 188–192.

79-Ready AE, Eynon RB, Cunningham DA.(1981) Effect of interval training and detraining on anaerobic fitness in women. Can J Appl Sport Sci 6:114–118.

80-Saltin,B.(1990).maximal oxygen uptake: limitations and malleability.In: International Perspectives in Exercise Physiology, K. Nazarand R. L. Terjung (Eds.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.

81-Smart NA, Murison R. (2012) Sep 11.Rate of Change in Physical Fitness and Quality of Life  and    Depression    Following Exercise Training in Patients With Congestive Heart Failure. Congest Heart Fail.

82-S Eiberg, H Hassel strom, V Grønfeld t, K Froberg, J Svensson, L B Andersen .(2005).Maximum oxygen uptake and objectively measuredphysical activity in Danish children 6–7 years of age: theCopenhagen school child intervention study.Br J Sports Med.

83-Shephard RJ.(2000) Feb. Exercise and training in women, Part I: Influence of gender on exercise and training responses. Can J Appl Physiol. 25(1):19-34.

84-sports medicine, Dr I. cohen, Prof.G Beaton, PROF.D.(2000).Mitchell-athletics ominibus-differences between men and women.sports medicine clinic,campus healh service, university of witwaterstand,Johannesburg,S,A.

85-SamanthaG.Fawknerand.NeiArmstrong. Mark Loftin.Luke Heusel Marc Bonis , Lauren Carlisle.(2003).Exercise in ChildrenOxygen Uptake Kinetic Responsto.Sports Med  .

86-Scheuermann, Barry W.and Thomas J. Barstow.(2002). O2 uptake kinetics during exercise at peak O2 uptake. J Appl Physiol 95: 2014–2022,2003.First published July 25,( 2003);10.

87-Samantha G. Fawkner and Neil Armstrong.(2007).Can we confidently study VO2 kinetics in young people?. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (2007) 6, 277-285.

88-Sijie T, Hainai Y, Fengying Y, Jianxiong W.(2012).High intensity interval exercise training in overweight young women. J Sports Med Phys Fitness.(2012) Jun;52(3):255-62.

89-Smith.M.J.Sprint Interval Training It is a HIIT.(2008).WWW.teamusa.org.

90-Tomoaki Matsuo, Kazunori Ohkawara, Satoshi Seino, Nobutake Shimojo, Shin Yamada,Hiroshi Ohshima,Kiyoji Tanaka and Chiaki Mukai.(2012). Cardiorespiratory fitness level correlates inversely with excess post-exercise oxygen consumption after aerobic-type interval training.Matsuo et al. BMC Research Notes( 2012), 5:646.

91-Tabata I,Nishimura K,Kouzaki M,Hirai Y ,Ogita F,Miyachi m Yamamoto K.(1996).effects of moderate-intensity endurance and high intensity intermittent training on anaerobic capacity and Vo2max.Med.Sci.Sports Exerc.(1996);28(10):1327-3

92-Tabata I, Irisawa K, Kouzaki M, Nishimura K, Ogita F, Miyachi M (March 1997). "Metabolic profile of high intensity intermittent exercises". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 29(3): 390–5. PMID 9139179.

93-Van Dusen, Allison (October 20, 2008). "Ten ways to get more from your workout".Forbes. Retrieved December 14, 2008.

94-Vivian H Heyward. (2006) [1984]. "Designing Cardiorespiratory Exercise Programs". Advanced Fitness Assessment And Exercise Prescription (5th ed.). Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. pp. 106–107.

95-Weiss EP, Spina RJ, Holloszy JO, Ehsani AA.(2006 )Sep. Gender differences in the decline in aerobic capacity and its physiological determinants during the later decades of life. J Appl Physiol.( 2006 )Sep;101(3):938-44. Epub (2006) Feb 23.

96-Weber CL, Schneider DA. (2002).Increases in maximal accumulated oxygen deficit after high-intensity interval training are not gender dependent. J Appl Physiol. (2002 )May;92(5):1795-801.

97-William R. Hiatt, MD Suzanne L. Brandenburg, MD Jane E.B. Reusch, MD،Timothy A. Bauer, MS، Barrett W. Jeffers, MS.(1999). E ffects of Exercise Training on Oxygen Uptake Kinetic Responses in Women With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 22:1640–1646, (1999).

98-Xu F, Rhodes EC.(1999) Oxygen uptake kinetics during exercise.Sports Med. )1999( May;27(5):313-27.