پایان نامه مقایسه بازشناسی جلوه¬های چهره¬ای هیجان¬های بنیادی در افراد با اختلال سلوک زودآغاز و دیرآغاز

فهرست:

فهرست مطالب

فصل اول: چارچوب پژوهش.... 1

1-1- مقدمه. 2

1-2- بیان مسئله. 4

1-3- اهداف پژوهش.... 7

1-4- فرضیه ی پژوهش.... 7

1-5- اهمیت و ضرورت پژوهش.... 7

1-6- تعریف های نظری و عملیاتی مفاهیم پژوهش.... 8

فصل دوم: پیشینه ی موضوع پژوهش.... 10

2-1- مقدمه. 11

2-2- هیجانهای چهره ای جهانی: 14

2-3- نقش سیستم های عصبی در بازشناسی هیجان.. 15

2-4- اختلال سلوک و نظریه ی ذهن.. 23

2-5- اختلال سلوک زودآغاز و دیرآغاز 25

فصل سوم: روش پژوهش.... 29

3-1- مقدمه. 30

3-2- روش پژوهش.... 30

3-3- جامعه پژوهش.... 30

3-4- نمونه و روش نمونه گیری.. 30

3-5- ابزارهای پژوهش.... 30

3-5-1- آزمون آخنباخ: 30

3-5-2- آزمون بازشناسی بیان چهره ای هیجان: 32

3-6- روش اجرای پژوهش.... 32

3-7- روش تجزیه و تحلیل دادهها 33

فصل چهارم: تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها. 34

4-1-یافته های توصیفی.. 35

جدول 4-1: نحوهی پاسخگویی به تصاویر هیجان های مختلف در افراد با اختلال سلوک زودآغاز 35

نمودار4-1: فراوانی بازشناسی هیجان های چهره در افراد با اختلال سلوک زودآغاز 36

جدول 4-2: نحوهی پاسخگویی به تصاویر هیجان های مختلف در افراد با اختلال سلوک دیرآغاز 36

نمودار4-2: فراوانی بازشناسی هیجان های چهره در افراد با اختلال سلوک دیرآغاز 37

4-2- یافتههای استنباطی.. 37

جدول 4-3: فراوانی و درصد بازشناسی و عدم بازشناسی هیجان شادی در دو گروه دیرآغاز و زود آغاز 37

جدول 4-4: آزمون خیدو (X2) تفاوت در بازشناسی هیجان غم در بین افراد دیرآغاز و زودآغاز 38

جدول 4-5: آزمونخی دو (X2) تفاوت در بازشناسی هیجان تعجب در بین افراد دیرآغاز و زودآغاز 38

جدول 4-6: آزمون خیدو (X2) تفاوت در بازشناسی هیجان نفرت در بین افراد دیرآغاز و زودآغاز 38

جدول 4-7: آزمون خیدو (X2) تفاوت در بازشناسی هیجان خشم در بین افراد دیرآغاز و زودآغاز 39

جدول 4-8: آزمون خیدو (X2) تفاوت در بازشناسی هیجان ترس در بین افراد دیرآغاز و زودآغاز 39

فصل پنجم: بحث و نتیجه گیری... 40

5-1- بحث و نتیجه گیری.. 41

5-2- تبیین فرضیه ی پژوهش: 41

5-3- محدودیت های پژوهش.... 46

5-4- پیشنهادهای پژوهش.... 46

منابع.. 47

پیوست ها. 63

منبع:

منابع فارسی

آخنباخ، توماس و رسکورلا، لسی (2001). کتابچه راهنمای سن های فرم مدرسه مبتنی بر نظام تجربه سنجش آخنباخ (ترجمه و هنجاریابی اصغر مینایی، 1384). تهران: انتشارات سازمان آموزش و پرورش استثنایی کشور.

جلیلی، فاطمه، بهرامی، هادی، و نجاتی، وحید (1391). مقایسه توانایی بازشناسی حالات هیجانی پایه در کودکان مبتلا به اختلال اتیسم با عملکرد بالا  با همتایان عادی. مجله تحقیقات علوم پزشکی زاهدان. جلد 14، شماره 2، صفحه 44-39.

خورشیدی، عباس، غندالی، شهاب الدین، و موفق، فرشید (1387). روش های پژوهش در علوم رفتاری (از نظریه تا عمل). تهران: نوین پژوهش.

سادوک،بنیامین جیمز و سادوک،ویرجینیا آلکوت سادوک (2003). خلاصه روانپزشکی (ترجمه حسن رفیعی و فرزین رضاعی، 1387). تهران: انتشارات ارجمند. جلد سوم.

کراتو چویل، توماس آر، ریچارد جی (1998). روانشناسی بالینی کودک در روش های درمانگری (ترجمه محمدرضا نائینیان). تهران: انتشارات رشد.

مش اریک جی و وولف دیوید ای (2008). روانشناسی مرضی کودک (ترجمه مظفری مکی آبادی و عدل، 1391). تهران: انتشارات رشد.

منابع غیر فارسی

Abdel Rahman, R. (2011). Facing good and evil: Early brain signatures of affective biographical knowledge in face recognition. Emotion, 11, 1397-1405.

Adam, R. B., & Kleck, R. E. (2005). Effect of direct and averted gaze on the perception of facially communicated emotion. Emotion, 5, 3-11.

Adolphs, R., ( 2001). The neurobiology of social cognition. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 11, 231–239.

Adolphs, R., (2006). Perception and emotion: how we recognize facial expressions. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 15, 222–226.

Adolphs, R., (2002). Neural systems for recognizing emotion. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 12, 169–177.

Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Damasio, A.R., (1998). The human amygdala in social judgment. Nature 393, 470–474.

Adolphs, R. (2003). Cognitive neuroscience of human social behavior. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4, 165-178.

Adolphs, R., (2010). What does the amygdala contribute to social cognition? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1191, 42–61.

Adolphs, R., Gosselin, F., Buchanan, T.W., Tranel, D., Schyns, P., Damasio, A.R., (2005). A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage. Nature  433, 68–72.

Adolphs R (2003). Is the human amygdala specialized for processing social information? Ann NY Acad Sci  985:326–340.

Allison, T., Puce, A., Spencer, D.D., McCarthy, G., (1999). Electrophysiological studies of human face perception. I: Potentials generated in occipitotemporal cortex by face and non-face stimuli. Cerebral Cortex 9, 415–430.

Amado, S., Yildirim, T., and Iyilikci, O. (2011). Observer and target sex differences in the change detection of facial expressions: A change blindness study. Cognition, Brain, Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Journal ,15, 295-316.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-5. Washington, DC, London, England.

Anderson, S.W., Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A.R. (1999). Impairment of social and moral behavior related to early damage in human prefrontal cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 1032–1037.

Armony JL, Dolan RJ (2002). Modulation of spatial attention by fear-conditioned stimuli: an event-related fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 40:817– 826.

Ashwin, c. ,Chapman, E. ,Colle, L. & Baron-Chohen, S. (2006). Impaired recognition of negative basic emotions in autism: a test of the amygdala theory. Social Neuroscience ,1.

Astington, J.W. (1993). The child’s discovery of the mind. Cambridge, MA:  Harvard University Press.

Banati M, Sandor J, Mike A, Illes E, Bors L, Feldmann A, Herold R, Illes Z (2009). Social cognition and Theory of Mind in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. European of Neurology 17: 426-433.

Bardone, A. M., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Dickson, N., Stanton, W., Silva, PH. (1998). Adult Physical Health Outcomes Of Adolescent Girls With Conduct Disorder, Depression, and Anxiety. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry.Volume 37, Issue 6: 594-601.

Barker E & Maughan B. (2009). Differentiating Early-Onset Persistent Versus Childhood-Limited Conduct Problem Youth. The American Journal of Psychology. Volume 166, Number 8.

Baron-Cohen S, Golan O, Chapman E & Granader Y (2007). Transported into a world of emotion, The Psychologist. 20 (2): 76–77.

Baron-Cohen, S., Jolliffe, T., Mortimore, C., & Robertson, M. (1997). Another advanced test of theory of mind: Evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or Asperger syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 38(7), 813_822.

Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A.M. & Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a ‘‘theory of mind’’? Cognition, 21, 37– 46.

Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The ‘‘Reading the Mind in the Eyes’’ Test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 42(2), 241_251.

Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Spong, A., Scahill, V., Lawson, J.,b ( 2001). Studies of theory of mind: Are intuitive physics and intuitive psychology independent? J. Dev. Learn. Dis. 5, 47–78.

Barrett P.M, Ollendick T.H. (2004). Handbook of Interventions that Work England with

            Children and Adolescents Prevention and Treatment Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Bauminger N. (2000). The facilitation of social learning disability. British Journal of Learning Disabilities. 28(4): 143–147.

Bayle, D. J., Schoendorff, B., Henaff, M., and Krolak-Salmon, p. (2011). Emotional facial expression detection in the peripheral visual field. PLOS ONE, 6, e21584.

Best, M., Williams, J.M., & Coccaro, E.F. (2002). Evidence for a dysfunctional prefrontal circuit in patients with an impulsive aggressive disorder. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 99, 8448–8453.

Birbaumer N, Veit R, Lotze M, Erb M, Hermann C, Grodd W, Flor H (2005). Deficient fear conditioning in psychopathy: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry  62:799–805.

Birch, A. (1997). Developmental psychology: From infancy to adulthood. London: MacMillan Press LTD. (3-4), 349-363.

Blair, R.J., (1995). A cognitive developmental approach to morality: investigating the psychopath. Cognition 57, 1–29.

Blair, R.J., (2005). Applying a cognitive neuroscience perspective to the disorder of psychopathy. Developmental Psychopathology 17, 865–891.

Blair RJ (2001). Neurocognitive models of aggression, the antisocial personality disorders, and psychopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 71:727– 731.

Blair, R.J.R. (1999). Psychophysiological responsiveness to the distress of other in children with autism. personality and individual differences, 26, 477-458.

Blair, R.J.R., (2006). The emergence of psychopathy: implications for the neuropsychological approach to developmental disorders. Cognition 101, 414–442.

Blair RJ, Cipolotti L (2000). Impaired social response reversal. A case of acquired sociopathy. Brain 123(pt 6):1122–1141.

Blair, R.J., Colledge, E., Murray, L., Mitchell, D.G., (2001). A selective impairment in the processing of sad and fearful expressions in children with psychopathic tendencies. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 29, 491–498.

Blair, R. J. R., & Frith, U. (2000). Neurocognitive explanations of the antisocial personality disorders. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 10, S66_S81.

Blair R, Mitchell DG, Richell RA, Kelly S, Leonard A, Newman C, Scott SK (2002). Turning a deaf ear to fear: impaired recognition of vocal affect in psychopathic individuals. J Abnorm Psychology. 111:682–686.

Blair RJ, Morris JS, Frith CD, Perrett DI, Dolan RJ (1999). Dissociable neural responses to facial expressions of sadness and anger. Brain 122(pt 5): 883–893.

Blair, K.S., Richell, R.A., Mitchell, D.G., Leonard, A., Morton, J., Blair, R.J., (2006). They know the words, but not the music: affective and semantic priming in individuals with psychopathy. Biological Psychology 73, 114–123.

Blair, R. J. R., Sellars, C., Strickland, I., Clark, F., Williams, A., Smith, M., et al. (1996). Theory of mind in the psychopath. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 7, 15_25.

Blonder, L.X., Smith, C.D., Davis, C.E., Kesler-West, M.L., Garrity, T.F., Avison,M.J., Andersen,A.H., (2004). Regional brain response to faces of humans and dogs. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 20, 384–394.

Book, A. S., Quinsey, V. L., and Langford, D. (2007). Psychopathy and the perception of affect and vulnerability. Criminal Justice and Behavior , 34, 531-544.

Breiter, HC.,  Etcoff, N.L. ,Whalen, P.J., Kennedy, W.A.,  Rauch, S.L.,  Buckner, RL., Strauss, M.M., Hyman, S.E., Rosen, B.R., (1996). Response and habituation of the human amygdala during visual processing of facial expression. Neuron 17, 875-887.

Brothers,  L., (1990). The social brain: A project for integrating primate behavior and neurophysiology in a new domain. Concepts Neurosci ., 127–51.

Buchanan, T.W., Bibas, D., Adolphs, R., (2010). Associations between feeling and

            judging the emotions of happiness and fear: findings from a large-scale field

            experiment. PLoS One 5, e10640.

Buitelaar, J. K., Van der Wees, M., Swabb Barneveld, H., & Van der Gaag, R. J. (1999). Theory of mind and emotion-recognition functioning in autistic spectrum disorders and in psychiatric control and normal children. Development and Psychopathology, 11(1), 39_58.

Bush G, Luu P, Posner MI (2000). Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Trends Cogn Sci 4:215–222.

Calder, A.J., Keane, J., Manes, F., Antoun, N., & Young, A.W. (2000). Impaired recognition and experience of disgust following brain injury. Nature Neuroscience, 11, 1077–1078.

Carla Sharp (2008). Theory of Mind and conduct problems in children: Deficits in reading the ‘‘emotions of the eyes’’. COGNITION AND EMOTION , 22 (6), 1149_1158.

Cohen D, Strayer J. (1996). Empathy in conduct-disordered and comparison youth. Developmental Psychology, 32:988–98.

Collin lisa, Bindra jasmeet, Raju monika, Gillberg Christopher, Minnis Helen. (2013). Facial emotion  recognition in child psychiatry: A systematic review. Research in developmental disabilities, 34, 1505-1520.

Cooper, R.M. (2006). The effect of eye gaze and emotional facial expression on the allocation of visual attention. University of stirling.

Corden, B., Critchley, H.D., Skuse, D., Dolan, R.J., (2006). Fear recognition ability predicts differences in social cognitive and neural functioning in men. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, 889–897.

Crick NR, Dodge KA (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children’s social adjustment. Psychol Bull 115:74 –101.

Dadds, M.R., Allen, J.L., Oliver, B.R., Faulkner, N., Legge, K., Moul, C., Woolgar, M., Scott, S., (2011a). Love, eye contact and the developmental origins of empathy v. psychopathy. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 1–6.

Dadds, M.R., Jambrak, J., Pasalich, D., Hawes, D.J., Brennan, J., (2011b). Impaired attention to the eyes of attachment figures and the developmental origins of psychopathy. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 52, 238–245.

Dadds, M.R., Perry, Y., Hawes, D.J., Merz, S., Riddell, A.C., Haines, D.J., Solak, E., Abeygunawardane, A.I., (2006). Attention to the eyes and fear-recognition deficits in child psychopathy. The British Journal of Psychiatry: the Journal of Mental Science 189, 280–281.

Dandreaux, D. M. & Frick, P. J. (2009). Developmental Pathways to Conduct Problems. A Further Test of the Childhood and Adolescent-onset Distinction. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. Volume 37, Issue 3, PP 375-385.

Davidson RJ, Putnam KM, Larson CL (2000). Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation—a possible prelude to violence. Science 289:591–594.

Davidson, R.J., & Stagter, H.A. (2000). Probing emotion in the developing brain: Functional neuroimaging in the assessment of the neural substrates of emotion in normal and disordered children and adolescents. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Review, 6, 166-170.

Dawel, A., O’Kearney, R.,  McKone, E., Palermo, R. (2012). Not just fear and sadness: Meta-analytic evidence of pervasive emotion recognition deficits for facial and vocal expressions in psychopathy. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 36 , 2288–2304.

Del Gaizo, A.L., Falkenbach, D.M., (2008). Primary and secondary psychopathic-traits

            and their relationship to perception and experience of emotion. Personality and

            Individual Differences 45, 206–212.

Denham SA, Blair KA, DeMulder E, Levitas J, Sawyer K, Auerbach-Major S, et al (2003). Preschool emotional competence: Pathway to social competence? Journal of Child Development. 74(1):  238–56.

Dikman ZV, Allen JJ (2000). Error monitoring during reward and avoidance learning in high- and low-socialized individuals. Psychophysiology 37: 43–54.

Dixon, A., Howie, P., Starling, J., (2005). Trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress, and psychiatric comorbidity in female juvenile offenders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 44, 798–806.

Dolan, M, & Fullam, R. (2006). Face affect recognition deficits in personality-disordered offenders: Association with psychopathy. Psychological Medicine, 36, 1563–1569.

Dorset Research & Development Support Unit (2003). "Emotional Expression". Retrieved on: July 23, 2007.

Drevets WC, Raichle ME (1998). Reciprocal suppression of regional cerebral blood flow during emotional versus higher cognitive processes: Implications for interactions between emotion and cognition. Cogn Emotion 12:353–385.

Eisenberg, N., (2000). Emotion, regulation, and moral development. Annual Review of Psychology 51, 665–697.

Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 169-200.

Ekman, P. (2001). Telling Lies: Clues to deceit in the marketplace, politics, and marriage. New York, NY US: W.W. Norton and Co.

Ekman P & Friesen W. (1976). Photographs of Facial Affect Recognition Test. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto. 221-231.

Ekman, P., and Friesen, W. V. (1975). Unmasking the face: A guide to recognizing emotions from facial clues. Oxford England: Prentice-Hall.

Ekman, P ., Friesen, W.V., and Ellsworth, p. (1972). Emotion in the human face: Guidelines for research and an integration of findings. Oxford England: Pergamon Press.

Ekman p & Friesen w v & Ellsworth p (1982). What are the Relative Contribution of Facial Behavior and Contextual information to the Judgment of Emotion? Emotion in the Human Face. New York, combridge university press.

Ekman , P., and Oster , H. (1979). Facial expressions of emotion. Annual Review of Psychology, 30 , 527 -554.Doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.30.020179.002523.

Ekman, p., Sorenson, E. R., and Friesen, W . V . (1969). Pan-cultural elements in facial displays of emotion. Science, 164, 86-88.

Fairchild Graeme, Stobbe Yvette, Van goozen Stephanie H.M., Calder Andrew j., Goodyer ian M. (2010). Facial expression recognition, fear conditioning, and startle modulation in female subjects with conduct disorder, 68, 272-279.

Farran EK, Branson A, King BJ (2011). Visual search for basic emotional expressions; impaired detection of anger, fear and sadness but a typical happy face advantage in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders; 5: 455-462.

Fitzgerald, D.A., Angstadt, M., Jelsone, L.M., Nathan, P.J., Phan, K.L., (2006). Beyond threat: amygdala reactivity across multiple expressions of facial affect. Neuroimage 30, 1441–1448.

Frick PJ, Cornell AH, Bodin SD, Dane HE, Barry CT, Loney BR (2003). Callousunemotional traits and developmental pathways to severe conduct problems. Dev Psychol 39:246 –260.

Fridlund, A.J., (1991). Evolution and facial action in reflex, social motive, and paralanguage. Biological Psychology 32, 3–100.

Frid lund AJ (1994). Human Facial Expression: An Evolutionary view. San Diego: Academic Press.

Fusar-Poli, P., Placentino, A., Carletti, F., Landi, P., Allen, P., Surguladze, S., Benedetti, F., Abbamonte, M., Gasparotti, R., Barale, F., Perez, J., McGuire, P., Politi, P., (2009). Functional atlas of emotional faces processing: a voxel-based meta-analysis of 105 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 34, 418–432.

Giancola, Peter R.; Mezzich, Ada C.; Tarter, Ralph E. (1998). Executive cognitive functioning, temperament, and antisocial behavior in conduct-disordered adolescent females. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol 107(4), Nov, 629-641.

Glass, S.J., Newman, J.P., (2006). Recognition of facial affect in psychopathic offenders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 115, 815–820.

Glenn, A.L., (2011). The other allele : exploring the long allele of the serotonin transporter gene as a potential risk factor for psychopathy. a review of the parallels in findings. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 35, 612–620.

Gosselin, F., Spezio, M.L., Tranel, D., Adolphs, R., (2011). Asymmetrical use of eye information from faces following unilateral amygdala damage. Social Cognitive Affective Neuroscience 6, 330–337.

Grillon, C., & Charney, D. R. (2011). In the face of fear: Anxiety sensitizes defensive responses to fearful faces. Psychophysiology, 48, 1745-1752.

Fairchild, G., Van Goozen, S.,  Calder, A.J., Stollery, S.J. and Goodyer, I.M. (2009). Deficits in facial expression recognition in male adolescents with early-onset or adolescenceonset conduct disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 50:5 , pp 627–636.

Happe, F. & Frith, V. (1996). Theory of mind: understanding of story characters thoughts and feeling by able autistic, mentally handicapped, and normal children and adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder ,24, 129-154.

Happe´, F. G. E., & Frith, U. (1996). Theory of mind and social impairment in children with conduct disorder. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 14(4), 385_398.

Halberstadt AG, Denham SA, Dunsmore JC (2001). Affective social competence. Journal of social development. 10: 79-119.

Hansen, A.L., Johnsen, B.H., Hart, S., Waage, L., Thayer, J.F., (2008). Brief communication: psychopathy and recognition of facial expressions of emotion. Journal of personality disorders 22, 639-645.                                                                                                                                    

Hare, R. D. (2003). The Hare Psychopathy checklist–Revised. Toronto, ON CAN: Multi-Health Systems.

Hariri AR, Mattay VS, Tessitore A, Fera F, Weinberger DR (2003). Neocortical modulation of the amygdala response to fearful stimuli. Biol Psychiatry 53:494 –501.

Hariri A, Tessitore A, Mattay V, Fera F, Weinberger D (2002). The amygdala response to emotional stimuli: a comparison of faces and scenes. Neuroimage 17:317–323.

Harnad, s (1987). Psychophysical and cognitive aspects of categorical perception: A critical overview. ins. Harnad (Ed.), categorical perception: The groundwork of cognition. (pp.1-25). New York: Combridge university press.

Hastings, M.E., Tangney, J.P., Stuewig, J., (2008). Psychopathy and identification of facial expressions of emotion. Personality and Individual Differences 44,1474–1483.

Hawes, c. (2007). Early recollections: A Compelling Intervention in Couples.

Haxby, J.V., Hoffman, E.A., Gobbini, M.I., (2002). Human neural systems for face recognition and social communication. Biological Psychiatry. 51, 59–67.

Herba CM, Landau S, Russell T, Ecker C, Phillips ML (2006). The development of emotion processing in children: Effects of age, emotion, and intensity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 47(11): 1098–1106.

Herba, C., Phillips, M., (2004). Annotation: Development of facial expression recognition from childhood to adolescence: behavioural and neurological perspectives. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 45, 1185–1198.

Herpertz SC, Sassh (2000). Emotional deficiency and psychopathy. Behav Sci Law 18:567–580.

Hoffman, M.L., (1987). The contribution of empathy to justice and moral judgment. In: Eisenberg, N., Strayer, J. (Eds.), Empathy and its Development. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 47–80.

Hofmann, S.G. (2007). Cognitive factors that maintain social anxiety disorder: A comprehensive model and its treatment implications. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 36, 193-209.

Hornak, J., Bramham, J., Rolls, E.T., Morris, R.G., O’Doherty, J., Bullock, P.R., & Polkey, C.E. (2003). Changes in emotion after circumscribed surgical lesions of the orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices. Brain, 125, 1691–1712.

Hornak, J., Rolls, E.T., & Wade, D. (1996). Face and voice expression identification in patients with emotional and behavioural changes following ventral frontal lobe damage. Neuropsychologia, 34, 247–261.

Iidaka T, Omori M, Murata T, Kosaka H, Yonekura Y, Okada T, SadatoN(2001). Neural interaction of the amygdala with the prefrontal and temporal cortices in the processing of facial expressions as revealed by fMRI. J Cogn Neurosci 13:1035–1047.

Ishai, A., Schmidt, C.F., Boesiger, P., (2005). Face perception is mediated by a distributed cortical network. Brain Res. Bull. 67, 87–93.

Izard, C., Fine, S.,  Schultz, D., Mostow, A., Ackeman, B., & Youngstrom, E. (2001). Emotion knowledge as a predictor of social behaivior and academic competence in children at risk. psychological science ,12, 18-23.

Jean Decety, Laurei Skelly, Keith J. Yoder & Kent A.Kiehl (2014). Neural processing of dynamic emotional facial expressions in psychopaths. Social Neuroscienc , 36-49.

Johnson, M.H., (2005). Subcortical face processing. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6, 766–774.

Jones, A. P., Laurens, K. P., Herba, C. M., Barker, G. J., & Viding, E. (2009). Amygdala hypoactivity to fearful faces in boys with conduct problems and callousunemotional traits. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 95–102.

Kalat, J & Shiota, M.N. (2007). Emotion. Thomson wadsworth publisher.

Pajer, K., Leininger, L., Gardner, W. (2010). Recognition of facial affect in girls with conduct disorder. Psychiatry Research 175 , 244–251.

Kashani JH, Beck NC, Hoeper EW (1987). Psychiatric disorders in a community sample of adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 144:584 –589.

Kerns JG, Cohen JD, MacDonald AW 3rd, Cho RY, Stenger VA, Carter CS (2004). Anterior cingulate conflict monitoring and adjustments in control. Science 303:1023–1026.

Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D. H., & Anderson, C (2003). Power, approach, and inhibition. Psychological Review, 110,265-284.

Kiehl, K.A., (2006). A cognitive neuroscience perspective on psychopathy: evidence for paralimbic system dysfunction. Psychiatry Research 142, 107–128.

Kiehl KA, Smith AM, Hare RD, Mendrek A, Forster BB, Brink J, Liddle PF (2001). Limbic abnormalities in affective processing by criminal psychopaths as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Biol Psychiatry 50:677–684.

Kipps, C.M., Duggins, A.J., McCusker, E.A., & Calder, A.J. (2007). Disgust and happiness recognition correlate with anteroventral insula and amygdala volume respectively in preclinical Huntington’s Disease.

Kim-Cohen J, Caspi A, Taylor A, Williams B, Newcombe R, Craig IW, Moffitt TE (2006). MAOA, maltreatment, and gene-environment interaction predicting children’s mental health: new evidence and a meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2006; 11:903–913.

Kircher, T. (2009). Are women better mind readers? Sex differences in neural correlates of mentalizing detected with functional MRI. BMC Neuroscience, 10, 9.

Korkmaz, B. (2011). Theory of Mind and Neurodevelopmental Disorder in Childhood. Prediatric Research ,69, 101 R-108 R.

Krischer, M.K., Sevecke, K., (2008). Early traumatization and psychopathy in female and male juvenile offenders. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 31, 253–262.

Kropp, J.P., Haynes, O.M., (1987). Abusive and nonabusive mothers’ ability to identify general and specific emotion signals of infants. Child Development. 58, 187–190.

Kruk , M. R., Halasz, J., Meelis, W., & Haller, J.(2004). Fast positive feedback between the adrenocortical stress response and a brain mechanism involved in aggressive behavior. Behavioral Neuroscience, 118, 1062-1070.

LaBar, K.S., Crupain, M.J., Voyvodic, J.T., McCarthy, G., (2003). Dynamic perception of facial affect and identity in the human brain. Cerebral Cortex 13, 1023–1033.

Lane RD, Reiman EM, Axelrod B, Yun LS, Holmes A, Schwartz GE (1998). Neural correlates of levels of emotional awareness. Evidence of an interaction between emotion and attention in the anterior cingulate cortex. J Cogn Neurosci 10:525–535.

Lane RD, Reiman EM, Bradley MM, Lang PJ, Ahern GL, Davidson RJ, Schwartz GE (1997). Neuroanatomical correlates of pleasant and unpleasant emotion. Neuropsychologia 35:1437–1444.

Lebow,j. (2005). Handbook of Clinical Therapy. john wiley & sons,Inc.

Leppanen JM, Moulson MC, Vogel-Farley VK & Nelson CA (2007). An ERP study of  Emotion Face Processing in the Adult and Infant Brain. Child development, 78, 232-245.

Leslie, A.M. (1988). Some implications of pretense for mechanisms underlying the child’s theory of mind. In J.W. Astington P.L. Harris & D.R. Olson (Eds.), Developing theoris of mind. (pp. 19-46). New York: Cambridge University press.

Levin HS, Hanten G. (2005). Executive functions after traumatic brain injury in children. Pediatr Neurol. (33): 79-93.

Lobaugh N, Gibson E, Taylor M (2006). Children recruit distinct neural systems for implicit emotional face processing. Neuroreport 17:215–219.

Lynam, D. (1998). Early identification of the fledgling psychopath: Locating the psychopathic child in the current nomenclature. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107 (4), 566_575.

Lynam, D., & Gudonis, L. (2005). The development of psychopathy. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1 , 381-407.

Marsh, A.A., Adams Jr., R.B., Kleck, R.E., (2005). Why do fear and anger look the way they do? Form and social function in facial expressions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31, 73–86.

Marsh, A.A., Ambady, N., (2007). The influence of the fear facial expression on prosocial responding. Cognition & Emotion 21, 225–247.

Marsh, A.A., Blair, R.J., (2008). Deficits in facial affect recognition among antisocial populations: a meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 32, 454–465.

Martelli, M., Majib, J. M., and Pelli, D. G. (2005). Are faces processed like words? A diagnostic test for recognition by parts. Journal of Vision. 5, 58-70.

Mazzola F, Seigal A, Macaskill A, Corden B, Lawrence K, Skuse D H. (2006). Eye tracking and fear recognition deficits in turner syndrome. Social Neuroscience. 1 (3-4), 259-269.

McClure, E.B., (2000). A meta-analytic review of sex differences in facial expression processing and their development in infants, children, and adolescents. Psychological Bulletin 126, 424–453.

Mc cortney, K.philips. D. (2006). Black Well Handbook of Early Childhood Development. Black Well  Publishing.

Messinger, D . s., Mattson, W.I., Mahoor, M. H., and Cohn, J.F. (2011, in press). The eyes have it: Making positive expressions more positive and negative expressions more negative. Emotion. Doi:10.1037/a0026498.

Meyer-Lindenberg A, Buckholtz JW, Kolachana B, Hariri AR, Pezawas L, Blasi G, Wabnitz A, Honea R, Verchinski B, Callicott JH, Egan M, Mattay V, Weinberger D (2006). Neural mechanisms of genetic risk for impulsivity and violence in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:6269–6274.

Moffitt TE (2003). Life-course-persistent and adolesence-limited antisocial behavior, in Causes of Conduct Disorder and Juvenile Delinquency. Edited by Lahey BB, Moffitt TE, Caspi A. New York, Guilford.

Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Harrington H, Milne BJ. (2002). Males on the life-course-persistent

             and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways: follow-up at age 26 years. Dev

             Psychopathol. 14(1):179-207.

Mondloch CJ, Geldart S, Maurer D & Le Grand R (2003). Developmental changes in face processing skills. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 86, 67-84.

Montagne, B., van Honk, J., Kessels, R.P.C., Frigerio, E., Burt, M., van Zandvoort, M.J.E., et al., (2005). Reduced efficiency in recognising fear in subjects scoring high on psychopathic personality characteristics. Personality and Individual Difference 38, 5–11.

Montague, D. P. F., and Walker-Andrews, A. S. (2001). Infants responses to emotional expressions in the context of peek-a-boo. Developmental Psychology, 37 , 826-838.

Moll J, de Oliveira-Souza R, Bramati IE, Grafman J (2002). Functional networks in emotional moral and nonmoral social judgments. Neuroimage 16:696 –703.

Moore, D.G., (2001). Reassessing emotion recognition performance in people with mental retardation: a review. American Journal of Mental Retardation. 106, 481–502.

Morgan AB, Lilienfeld SO (2000): A meta-analytic review of the relation

            between antisocial behavior and neuropsychological measures of executive

            function. Clin Psychol Rev 20:113–136.

Morris JS, Frith CD, Perrett DI, Rowland D, Young AW, et al (1996). A differential neural response in the human amygdala to fearful and happy facial expressions. Nature 383:812– 815.

Morris JS, Scott SK, Dolan RJ (1999). Saying it with feeling: Neural responses to emotional vocalizations. Neuropsychologia 37:1155–1163.

Morris, R.W., Weickert. C.S., & Loughland, C.M. (2009). Emotional face processing in schizophrenia. Current opinhon in psychiatry, 22, 140-146.

Murphy, F.C., Nimmo-Smith, I., Lawrence, A.D., (2003). Functional neuroanatomy of emotions: a meta-analysis. Cognitive Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience. 3, 207–233.

Murtillaro, M., Mehu, M., and Scherer, K. R. (2011). Subtly different positive emotions can be distinguished by their facial expression. Social Psychological and Personality Science ,2, 262-271.

Nigg, J. T. (2003). Response inhibition and disruptive behaviors: Toward a multiprocess conception of etiological heterogeneity for ADHD combined type and conduct disorder early-onset type. Annals of New York Academy of Science, 1008, 170-182.

Nichols, S., (2001). Mindreading and the cognitive architecture underlying altruistic motivation. Mind Language 16, 425–455.

Odgers CL, Caspi A, Broadbent JM, Dickson N, Hancox RJ, Harrington H, Poulton R, Sears MR, Thomson WM, Moffitt TE (2007). Prediction of differential adult health burden by conduct problem subtypes in males. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64:476–484.

O’Doherty J, Kringelbach ML, Rolls ET, Hornak J, Andrews C (2001). Abstract reward and punishment representations in the human orbitofrontal cortex. Nat Neurosci 4:95–102.

Pandey, R. & Mandal, M.K. (1997). Processing of facial expressions of emotion and alexithymia. Br. J. Clin. Psychol. 36, 4, 631–633.

Passamonti, L., Fairchild, G., Goodyer, I.M., Hurford, G., Hagan, c.c., Rowe, J.B., et al (2010). Neural abnormalities in early-onset and adolescence-onset conduct disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry ,67, 729-738.

Paus T (2001). Primate anterior cingulate cortex: where motor control, drive, and cognition interface. Nat Rev Neurosci 2: 417–424.

Phillips, M.L., Williams, L.M., Heining, M., Herba, C.M., Russell, T., Andrew, C., et al., (2004). Differential neural responses to overt and covert presentations of facial expressions of fear and disgust. Neuroimage.21, 1484–1496.

Pinkham AE. (2003). Implications for the neural basis of social cognition for the study of schizophrenia. Amj psychiatry. 160 (7) : 1078-1093.

Pollak, S.D., Cicchetti, D., Hornung, K., Reed, A., (2000). Recognizing emotion in faces: developmental effects of child abuse and neglect. Developmental Psychology 36, 679–688.

Pollak, S.D., Kistler, D.J., (2002). Early experience is associated with the development of categorical representations for facial expressions of emotion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 99, 9072–9076.

Pollak, S.D., Sinha, P., (2002). Effects of early experience on children's recognition of facial displays of emotion. Developmental Psychology 38, 784–791.

Pollak, S.D., Tolley-Schell, S.A., (2003). Selective attention to facial emotion in physically abused children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 112, 323–338.

Porter, S., ten Brinke, L., and Wallace, B. (2012, in press). Secrets and lies: Involuntary leakage in deceptive facial expression as a function of emotional intensity. Journal of Non-verbal Behavior.

Price, J.S., Gardner, R.J., Erickson, M., (2004). Can depression, anxiety and somatization be understood as appeasement displays? Journal of Affective Disorders 79, 1–11.

Raaijmakers MAJ, Smidts DP, Sergeant JA, Maassen GH, Posthumus JA, Engeland HV, Matthys W. (2008). Executive functions in preschool children with aggressive behavior: Impairments in inhibitory control. J Abnorm Child Psychol. (36): 1097-1107.

Razza, R.A. Blair, C. (2009). Association among false-belief understanding, exective function, and social competence: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Applied Developmental psychology ,30 (3), 332-343.

Reeve,JM (2009). Underestanding Motivation and Emotion, 5th  Edition, New York, wiley.

Richardson,j. & Joughin c. (2002). Parent-training programmes for the management of young children with conduct disorder. Printed in great Britain by Cromwell press 1td, trowbridge,uk.

Richell, R. A., Mitchell, D. G., Newman, C., Leonard, A., Baron-Cohen, S., & Blair, R. J. (2003). Theory of mind and psychopathy: Can psychopathic individuals read the ‘‘language of the eyes’’? Neuropsychologia, 41(5), 523_526.

Rutherford, M.D & Melntosh, D.N (2007). Rules Versus Prototype Matching: Strategies of perception of Emotional Facial Expressions in the Autism Spectrum. Autism Dev Disorder ,37: 187-196.

Sandra E. Carter and Vaughan T. Bailey (2012). Facial Expressions : dynamic patterns, impairments and social perceptions.Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc: New York.

Sato wataro, Kochiyama takanori, Yoshikawa sakiko (2011). The inversion effect for neutral and emotional facial expressions on amygdala activity. Brain Reaserch. 84-90.

Sato, W., Kubota, Y., Okada, T., Murai, T., Yoshikawa, S., Sengoku, A., (2002). Seeing happy emotion in fearful and angry faces: qualitative analysis of the facial expression recognition in a bilateral amygdala damaged patient. Cortex. 38, 727–742.

Schupp, H. T., Flaisch, T., Stockburger, J., Junghofer, M. (2006). Emotion and Attention: Event-related brain potential studies. Progress in Brain Research, 156, 123-143.

Schwenck, C., Gensthaler, A., Romanos, M., Freitag, C., Schneider, W., & Taurines, R. (2014). Emotion recognition in girls with conduct problems. European child, Adolescent Psychiatry. Volume 23, Issue 1, pp 13-22.

Sharp, C. (2006). Mentalizing problems in childhood disorders. In J. G. Allen & P. Fonagy (Eds.), Handbook of mentalization-based treatments (pp. 101_121). Chichester, UK: Wiley.

Sharp, C., Croudace, T. J., & Goodyer, I. M. (2007). A latent class analysis of a child-focused mentalising task in a community sample of 7_11 year olds. Social Development, 16(1), 181_202.

Sorce,J.F.,Emde,R.N.,Campos,j.,& Klinnert,M.D. (1985). Maternal emotional signaling:Its effect on the visual cliff behaviorar of 1-year-olds.Developmental psychology ,21, 195-200.

Spear, L. P. (2000). The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 24, 417_463.

Speltz, M., Deklyen, M., Calderon, R., Mark, Fisher, Philips., A. (1999). Veuropsychological characteristics and test behaviors of boys with early onset conduct disorder. Journal of Abnormal psychology, vol: 108 (2).

Sterzer P, Stadler C, Krebs A, Kleinschmidt A, Poutska F (2005). Abnormal neural responses to emotional visual stimuli in adolescents with conduct disorder. Biol Psychiatry 57:7–15.

Sterzer P, Stadler C, Poustka F, Kleinschmidt A (2007) A structural neural deficit in adolescents with conduct disorder and its association with lack of empathy. Neuroimage 37:335–342.

Stins, J. F., Relofs, K., Villan, J., Kooijman, K., Hagnenaars, M. A., and Beek, p. J. (2011). Walk to me when I smile, step back when I am angry: Emotional faces modulate whole-body approach-avoidance behaviors. Exprimental Brain Research, 212, 603-611. Doi:10.1007/s00221-011-2767-z.

Sullivan, L.A., Kirkpatrick, S.W., MacDonald, P.M., (1995). Interpretations of facial expressions of emotion by sexually abused and non-abused girls. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 4, 45–61.

Tanaka, J., Lincoln, S., Hegg, L. (2003). The Development of Face Processing: Hogrefe, Huber, p 101-119.

Thayer, J.F., Johnsen, B.H., (2000). Sex differences in judgement of facial affect: a multivariate analysis of recognition errors. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 41, 243–246.

Taylor SF, Phan KL, Decker LR, Liberzon I (2003). Subjective rating of emotionally salient stimuli modulates neural activity. Neuroimage 18:650– 659.

van Goozen SH, Fairchild G, Snoek H, Harold GT (2007). The evidence for a neurobiological model of childhood antisocial behavior. Psychol Bull 133:149 –182.

Vuilleumier P, Armony JL, Driver J, Dolan RJ (2001). Effects of attention and emotion on face processing in the human brain: An event-related fMRI study. Neuron 30:829–841.

Viding E, Blair RJR, Moffitt TE, Plomin R (2005). Evidence for substantial genetic risk for psychopathy in 7-year-olds. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 46:592–597.

Viding E, Jones AP, Frick P, Moffitt TE, Plomin R (2008). Heritability of antisocial behaviour at 9: do callous-unemotional traits matter? Dev Sci  11:17–22.

Walker, D.W., Leister, C., (1994). Recognition of facial affect cues by adolescents with emotional and behavioral disorders. Behavioral Disorders 19, 269–276.

Wellman, H.M., Cross , D., & Watson , J (2001). Meta-analysis.of theory of mind development: The truth about false belief. Child Development ,72, 655-684.

Widen, S.C. & Russell, J.A. (2003). A closer lookat preschoolers freely produced labels for facial expression. Developmental Psychology, 39, 114-128.

Williams, L.M., Barton, M.J., Kemp, A.H., Liddell, B.J., Peduto, A., Gordon, E., Bryant, R.A., (2005). Distinct amygdala-autonomic arousal profiles in response to fear signals in healthy males and females. Neuroimage 28, 618–626.

Willis, J., and Todorov, A. (2006). First impressions: Making up your mind after a 100-ms exposure to a face. Psychological Science, 17, 592-598.

Wilson, K., Juodis, M., Porter, S., (2011). Fear and loathing in psychopaths: a meta-analytic investigation of the facial affect recognition deficit. Criminal Justice and Behavior 38, 659–668.

Woodbury-Smith, M.R., Clare, I.C.H., Holland, A.J., Kearns, A., Staufenberg, E., Watson, P., (2005). A case–control study of offenders with high functioning autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology 16, 747–763.

Young, A.W., Aggleton, J.P., Hellawell, D.J., Johnson, M., Broks, P, Hanley, J.R.,        (1995). Face processing impairments after amygdalotomy. Brain 118, 15–24.      

Zabel, R.H., (1979). Recognition of emotions in facial expressions by emotionally disturbed and nondisturbed children. Psychology in School. 16, 119–126.

Zlotnick, C., (1999). Antisocial personality disorder, affect dysregulation and childhood abuse among incarcerated women. Journal of Personality Disorders 13, 90–95.