فهرست:
فهرست مطالب
عنوان.................................................................................................................................................. صفحه
فهرست مطالب.........................................................................................................................................................I
فهرست جدولها....................................................................................................................................................V
فهرست نمودارها.................................................................................................................................................VII
فصل اول: کلیات پژوهش
مقدمه......................................................................................................................................................................2
بیان مسئله................................................................................................................................................................3
اهمیت و ضرورت پژوهش......................................................................................................................................7
هدف کلی پژوهش ..............................................................................................................................................10
اهداف جزیی پژوهش............................................................................................................................................10
فرضیههای پژوهش................................................................................................................................................10
تعریفهای مفهومی و عملیاتی متغیرها.................................................................................................................11
فصل دوم: پیشینهی پژوهش
تعریف پرخاشگری...............................................................................................................................................15
انواع پرخاشگری...................................................................................................................................................17
پرخاشگری پیدا و پنهان........................................................................................................................................18
پرخاشگری پیش کنشی و واکنشی........................................................................................................................18
پرخاشگری ابزاری و خصمانه .............................................................................................................................19
پرخاشگری عاطفی وتجاوزگرانه..........................................................................................................................19
پرخاشگری دفاعی و مجرمانه..............................................................................................................................20
دیدگاه های نظری در مورد پرخاشگری...........................................................................................................20
دیدگاه روانکاوی..............................................................................................................................................20
دیدگاه یادگیری................................................................................................................................................21
دیدگاه عقلانی-هیجانی....................................................................................................................................23
دیدگاه جامعه شناسی.......................................................................................................................................22
دیدگاه ذاتی و غریزی......................................................................................................................................23
دیدگاه موقعیتی................................................................................................................................................23
دیدگاه انگیزشی ..............................................................................................................................................25
راههای کنترل پرخاشگری...............................................................................................................................28
مؤلفه های مزاج..............................................................................................................................................33
سطح فعالیت...................................................................................................................................................34
قابلیت پیش بینی.............................................................................................................................................34
نزدیک شدن یاکناره گیری ااز محرک جدید...................................................................................................35
سازش پذیری..................................................................................................................................................36
شدت بیان خلق..............................................................................................................................................37
ثبات فراخنای توجه .......................................................................................................................................38
حواسپرتی ....................................................................................................................................................39
آستانه حسی....................................................................................................................................................40
پدر و مادر شدن......... ....................................................................................................................................41
تعامل مادر-فرزند.............................................................................................................................................42
تعامل پدر-فرزند..............................................................................................................................................45
طرد-پذیرش والدین.........................................................................................................................................48
رویکردهای نظری به تعامل والد-فرزند.........................................................................................................52
نظریه روان تحلیل گری....................................................................................................................................52
نظریه زیستی.....................................................................................................................................................53
نظریه رفتارگرایی..............................................................................................................................................53
نظریه یادگیری اجتماعی...................................................................................................................................54
نظریهی انسان گرایی........................................................................................................................................55
نظریه تعامل گرایی نمادین...............................................................................................................................56
نظریه منظومه ای..............................................................................................................................................57
نظریه طرد-پذیر.ش والدین..............................................................................................................................58
نظریه دلبستگی.................................................................................................................................................59
کیفیت دلبستگی...............................................................................................................................................62
دلبستگی در دوران کودکی..............................................................................................................................63
شیوه های فرزندپروری...................................................................................................................................65
بازنگری پژوهشهای خارجی انجام شده در رابطه با متغیرها........................................................................69
بازنگری پژوهشهای داخلی انجام شده در رابطه با متغیرها..........................................................................86
فصل سوم: روش پژوهش
جامعهی آماری و روش نمونهگیری................................................................................................................89
ابزارهای پژوهش.............................................................................................................................................91
طرد- پذیرش والدین......................................................................................................................................93
مزاج کودکی میانه.........................................................................................................................................101
پرخاشگری باس و وارن...............................................................................................................................104
روش اجرای پژوهش...................................................................................................................................107
روش های آماری تجزیه تحلیل داده ها.......................................................................................................108
فصل چهارم: یافتههای پژوهش
مقدمه............................................................................................................................................................110
یافتههای توصیفی.........................................................................................................................................110
یافتههای مربوط به فرضیههای پژوهش....................................................................................................... 115
فصل پنجم: بحث و نتیجهگیری
تبیین یافتههای مربوط به فرضیههای پژوهش..............................................................................................128
محدودیتهای پژوهش .............................................................................................................................133
پیشنهادهای پژوهش...................................................................................................................................134
پیشنهادهای نظری......................................................................................................................................134
پیشنهادهای کاربردی..................................................................................................................................135
منابع
فارسی........................................................................................................................................................137
انگلیسی.....................................................................................................................................................141
منبع:
منابع فارسی:
استافورد، لورا وبه یر، چری (1991). تعامل والدین و کودکان، ترجمه دهگانپور و مهرداد خرازچی 1377. تهران: انتشارات رشد
اکبری، احمد (1387). مشکلات نوجوانی و جوانی. تهران: انتشارات رشد و توسعه .
الیس، آلبرت (بدون تاریخ). زندگی شادمانه. ترجمه: مهرداد فیروز بخت و وحیده عرفانی (1386). تهران: موسسه خدمات فرهنگی رسا.
اهنگرانی، احد، شریفی درامدی، پرویز و فرج زاده، رباب (1390). رابطه سبک های فرزند پروری والدین با پرخاشگری نوجوانان شهرستان شبستر. مجله پژوهش های علوم شناختی و رفتاری. سال اول، پیاپی (1)، صص، 8-1.
آقا محمدیان ، حامد (1384). روانشناسی بلوغ و نوجوانی. مشهد: دانشگاه فردوسی
پارسا، محسن(1375). روانشناسی رشد کودک و نوجوان. تهران: انتشارات بعثت.
پایندان، طیبه (1389). مقایسه تاب آمدی، سلامت روان، پرخاشگری و عملکرد تحصیلی دانش آموزان دختر دبیرستانی خانواده های طلاق و عادی شهر اهواز با کنترل وضعیت اجتماعی– اقتصادی، پایانامه کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز.
حسن پور، فاطمه، جلالی، محمدرضا، شعیری، محمدرضا و خزایی، محمد (1392). تاثیر کار برپرخاشگری کودکان دبستانی. فصلنامه روان شناسی بالینی، سال سوم، شماره دهم، صص 152-139.تهران: انتشارات رشد.
خانجانی، زینب (1381). بررسی رابطه جدایی های موقت روزانه مادر–کودک با شکل گیری دلبستگی و مشکلات رفتاری کودکان. نشریه دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 183 و 184، 162 -127.
خداپناهی، محمد کریم (1385). انگیزش و هیجان. تهران: انتشارات سمت.
خوشایی، کتایون (1386). جان بالبی (نظریه دلبستگی)، تهران: انتشارات دانژه.
دادستان، پریدخت، احمدی ازعندی، علی و حسن آبادی، رسول (1385). تنیدگی والدینی و سلامت عمومی. فصلنامه روانشناسی ایرانی. 7، 184-171.
رایس، فرانچ (1382). رشد انسان (روانشناسی رشد از تولد تا مرگ). ترجمه فروغان،م 1387. انتشارات: ارجمند نسل فردا.
رجب پور، مجتبی، مکوند حسینی، شاهرخ و رفیعی نیا، پروین (1391). اثر بخشی گروه درمانی رابطه والد-کودک بر پرخاشگری کودکان پیش دبستانی. مجله روان شناسی بالینی، سال چهارم، شماره یک (13). صص 74-64.
ریو، جان مارشال (2001). انگیزش و هیجان. ترجمه یحیی سید محمدی (1383). تهران: ویرایش.
سادوک، بنجامین، جی و سادوک، ویرجینا (2003). خلاصه روان پزشکی کاپلان. ترجمه: حسن رفیعی و فرزین رضاعی (1382). تهران: ارجمند.
سپاسی، علی (1384). نظریه های شخصیت یا مکاتب روان شناسی. تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه تهران
سپهری، صیاد و مظاهری، محمد (1388). الگوهای ارتباطی خانواده و متغیرهای شخصیتی در دانشجویان. فصلنامه روان شناسی تحولی: روان شناسان ایرانی، 22، 150-141.
شریفی اردانی، الهام (1391). تدوین و استاندارد سازی بسته های آموزش بومی ومهارت های ارتباطی والد–کودک بر مبنای آسیب شناسی تعاملی در کودکان پیش دبستانی شهر یزد. پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد رشته مشاوره دانشگاه اصفهان.شکوهی یکتا، محسن، زمانی، نیره، پرند، اکرم، اکبری زردخانه، سعید (1388). اثر بخشی آموزش مدیریت خشم بر ابراز و مهار خشم والدین. روان شناسی رشد. شماره 77، 147-137.
شولتز، دوان (1990). نظریه های شخصیت. ترجمه: یوسف کریمی، فرهاد جمهری، سیامک نقشبندی، بهزاد گودرزی، هادی بحیرایی و محمدرضا نیکخو (1383). تهران: ارسباران.
علایی، رقیه، کدیور، پروین، خانی، شهرام و صرامی، غلام (1389). بررسی مدل روابط علی عوامل خانوادگی، محیطی و فردی در مصرف مواد در نوجوانان روستاهای کرج. دوفصلنامه توسعه روستایی، شماره 3، صص 137.
علیزاده، حامد (1384). تعامل والدین – فرزند. پژوهش های روان شناختی، 6 ، 3 و 4.
فرانکن، رابرت (1998). انگیزش و هیجان. ترجمه: حسن شمس اسفندآبادی، غلامرضا محمودی و سوزان امامی پور (1384). تهران: انتشارات فی.
فیض، جواد (1389). رفتار پدر و مادر با کودک و نوجوان. چاپ دوم. تهران: نشر امیرکبیر.
کاپلان، هارولد، سادوک، بنیامین و گرب، چک (1994). خلاصه ی روانپزشکی (علوم رفتاری روانپزشکی)، ترجمه: نصرت الله پور افکاری (1375). تهران: شهر آب.
کمبل، سعید (1387). مشکلات رفتاری پیش دبستانی، ترجمه صیادان، س. چاپ اول، تهران: نشر دانژه.
کاویانی، محمد، آذربایجانی، مسعود، سالاری فر، محمدرضا، موسوی اصل، سید مهدی، عباسی، اکبر و غروی، محمد (1390). روان شناسی اجتماعی با نگرش به منابع اسلامی. تهران: انتشرات سمت.
محمودی قرابی، جواد (1390). ارتقای کیفیت ارتباط مادر با کودک و نوجوان–همایش ارتقای کیفیت ارتباط مادر با کودک و نوجوان.
موسوی، پریسا، مظاهری، علی و قنبری، سعید (1390).پذیرش همسر و سازش یافتگی روان شناختی: نقش تعدیل درزنان کننده پذیرش والدین متاهل تهرانی. مجله مطالعات روان شناسی تحولی. سال هشتم، شماره 32، صص47-27.
نظری نژاد، محمد (1386). آموزش مهارت های اجتماعی به کودکان، چاپ پنجم، مشهد: نشر آستان
نظری، علی (1389). مبانی زوج درمانی و خانواده درمانی، چاپ ششم، تهران: نشر علم.
نوابی نژاد، شهلا (1373). سه گفتار درباره راهنمایی و تربیت فرزندان. تهران: انتشارات انجمن اولیاء و مربیان.
نیک بخت، الهه (1389). بررسی تاثیر آموزش گروهی مهارتهای ارتباطی بر تعارض والد–نوجوان، دختران دبیرستانی منطقه جرقویه سفلی، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد رشته مشاوره، دانشگاه اصفهان.
یار محمدیان، 1. (1389). روان شناسی کودکان و نوجوانان ناسازگار. تهران: انتشارات یادواره کتاب.
Akcinar, B., & Baydar, N. (2014). Parental control is not unconditional detrimental for externalizing behaviors in early childhood. InternationalJournal of Behavioral Development, 38(2) , 118-127.
Astor, R. A., Wallace, J. M., Behere, w. J., & Fravile, K., A. (1997). Preception of school violence as a problem and report of violence events : A national survey of school social workers.Social Work, 42, 55-68.
Anderson, C., & Bushman, B., J. (2002). Human. Aggression. Annual Review of psychology, 53, 17-51.
Anderson, C., Bushman, B., Rothstein, R., Shibuya, A., swing, E., Sakamoto, A., &Saleem, M. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosaical behavior in eaten and western countries: A meta-analytic review. American PsychologicalAssociation Bulletin, 136, 115-175.
Acher, J. (2001). A strategic approach to aggression. Journal of Social Development, 10, 267-271.
Aunola, K., & Nurmi, J. E. (2005). The role of parenting styles in children’sproblem behavior. Child Development, 76, 1144–115.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social Iearning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Baumrind, D. (1978). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monographs, 4, 1–102.
Belsky, J., Bakermans, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2007). For better and for worse: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Current Directions inPsychological Science, 16, 300–304.
Belsky, J., & Pluess, M. (2009). Beyond diathesis-stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Psychological Bulletin,135(6), 885–908.
Belsky, J. & pluess . M. (2011). Differential susceptibility to long-term effects of quality of child care on externalizing behavior in adolescence?International journal of Behavioral Development, 36(1), 2-10.
Bloom, B. L. (1985). A factor analysis of self-report measures of family functioning. Family Process, 24, 225–239.
Blair, R. ( 2010 ). Psychology Frustration and reactive aggression: The role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex. British Journal of psychology, 101, 383 – 399.
Borders, A., Earlewine, M., & Jajodia, A. (2009). Could mindfulness decrease anger, Hostility, and aggression by deerasing rumination? Brain & Behavior: Physiological Psychology Society, 12, 101-115.
Bowlby, J. (1974). Attachment and Loss. Attachment, Vol I. New York: Basic Book.
Brendgen, M., Vitaro, F., Tremblay, R. E., & Lavoie, F .(2001). Reactive And proactive aggression: Predictions to physical violence in Different contexts and moderating effects of parental monitoring and caregiving behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 4, 293–304.
Broidy, L. M., Nagin, D. S., Tremblay, R. E., Bates, J. E., Brame, B., & Dodge, K. A. (2003). Developmental trajectories of childhood disruptive behaviors and adolescent delinquency: A six-site, cross-national study. Journal Developmental Psychology, 39(2), 222–45.
Brotman, L. M., ONeal, C. R., Huang, H. Y., Gouley, K. K., Rosenfelt, A., & Shrout, p. E. (2009). An experimental test of parenting practices as a mediator of early childhood physical aggression. JournalChildPsychology and Psychiatry, 50(3), 235-245.
Bushman, B. J. & Anderson, C. A. (2001). Is It time to pull the hostile versus instrumental aggression dichotomy? Psychological Review, 108, 237-279.
Buss, A. H., & warren, W. l. (2000). Aggression Questionnaire: Manvel loss Angeles, CA: Western psychological services.
Cassidy, J., & Berlin, J. (1994). The insecure/ambivalent patterns of attachment: Theory and research.child Development, 65, 971 -991.
Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992). The Aggression Question Questionnaire.Journal OfPersonality and Social Psychology, 63 (3), 254-549.
Byers, E. s., Sears, H. A., Voyer, S. D., Thurlow, J. L., Cohen, J. N., & Weaver, A. D. (2003). An adolescent perspective on sexual health education at school and at home: ll.middle school students.Canadian Journal ofHuman sexuality, 12, 19-33.
Casas, J. F., Weigel, S. M., Crick, N. R., Ostrov, J. M., Woods, K. E., Jansen, E. A., & Huddleston, C. A. (2006). Early parenting and children’s relational and physical aggression in the preschool and home contexts. Applied Developmental Psychology, 27, 209–220.
Caspi, A., Henry, B., MeGee, R. O., Moffitt, T, E., sliva, P. A. (1995). Temperamental origins of child and Adolescent Behavior problems: From Age Three to Age Fifteen.Child Development, 66, 55-68.
Chen, X., Rubin, K. H., & Li, B. (1997). Maternal acceptance and social and school adjustment in Chinese children: A four-year longitudinal study. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 43, 663- 681.
Chen, X., & French, D. C. (2008). Children’s social competence incultural context. Annual Review ofPsychology, 59, 591–616.
Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Mineka, S. (1994). Temperament, personality, and the mood and anxietydisorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 103-116
Conner, D. ( 2004 ). Aggression and antisocial behavior in children and adolescents : Research and Treatment. New York: The Guilford press .
Crothers, L. M., Schreiber, J. B., Field, J. E.,& Kolbert, J. B. (2009). Development and Measurement through confirmatory Factor Analysis of the young Adults social Behavior scale (YASB): An assessment of Relational Aggression In adolescence and young Adulthood.Journal of psychoeducational Assessment,27 (1), 17-28.
Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66, 710-722.
Crespo, C., Kielpikowski, M., Pryor, J., & Jose, P. E. (2011). Family rituals in New Zealand families: Links to family cohesion and adolescents well-being. Journal of Family Psychology 25, 184-193.
Cummins, p. ( 2006 ). Working with anger a constructivist approach . London: John Wiley & sons ltd .
Davies, P. T., & Cummings, E. M. (1994). Marital conflict and childadjustment: An emotionalsecurity hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin.Journal of Socialand Personal Relationships, 31(2), 387- 411.
Davies, P. T., Harold, G. T., Goeke-Morey, M. C., & Cummings, E. M. (2002). Child emotional security and interparental conflict. Monographs of the Society for Research.Child Development, 67, 27–62.
David, A., Nelson, c. y., Olsen, S. M., & Hart , C. H. (2013).Parent psychological control dimensions: connections with Russian preschooler's physical and relational aggression. Journal of Applied Developmental Psycholog, 34, 1-8.
Dboo, G., & Kolo, A. (2007). Ethnic and gender differences in temperament and the relationship between temperament and Depressive and Aggressive mood.personality and Individual Differences,43, 1756-1766.
Eisenberg, N., Zhou, Q., Spinrad, T. L., Valiente, C., Fabes, R. A., & Liew, J. (2005). Relations among positive parenting,children’s effortful control, and externalizing problems: A threewave longitudinal study. Child Development, 76, 1055- 1071.
Sheikh, M. J., Hinnant, B., Kelly, R. J., & Erath, S. (2010). Maternalpsychological control and child internalizing symptoms: Vulnerabilityand protective factors across bioregulatory and ecologicaldomains. Journal of ChildPsychology and Psychiatry, 51, 188–198.
Farrell, A. D., Sullivan, T. N., Esposito, L. E., Meyer, A. L., & Valois, R. F.A.(2005). latent growth curve analysis of the structure of aggression, drug use, and delinquent behaviors and their interrelations over time in urban and rural adolescents. Journal Of Research onAdolescence, 15(2), 179–204.
Feldman, R., & Masalha, S. (2010). Parent–child and triadic antecedents of children’s social competence: Cultural specificity, shared process.Developmental Psychology, 46, 455–467
Fotti, S. A., Katz, L. Y., Afifi, T. O., & Cox, B. J. (2006). Theassociations between peer and parental relationships and suicidalbehaviours in early adolescents. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 698–703.
Ganiban, J. M., Ulbricht, J., Saudino, K. J., Reiss, D., & Neiderhiser, J.M. (2011). Understanding child-based effects on parenting: Temperaments a moderator of genetic and environmental contributionsto parenting. Developmental Psychology, 47, 676–692.
Ghershoff E, T. (2002). Parental corporal punishment and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta analytic and theoretical review.psychological Bulletin, 128, 539-579.
Gulay, H., & onder, A. (2011). Comparing parental acceptance: the rejection Levels and peer relationship of Turkish preschool children. Procedia Social andBehavioral, 15, 1818-1823.
Goodwin, T., Pacey, K, & Grace, M. (2003). Children violence pervention in preschool settings. Journal of child and Adolescent psychiatric Nursing, 10,52-59.
Goodvin, R., Meyer, S., Thompson, R. A., & Hayes, R. (2008). Self-understanding in early childhood: Associations with attachment security. Maternal Perceptiosn of the child, and maternal emotional risk.Attachment & Numan Development. 10 (4), 433-450.
Halperin, A., Makay, K., & Newcorn, H. (2002). Development, reliability, and validity of the children Aggression's scale, parent version. Journal of American Academy of child and Adolescent psychiatry Nursing, 41, 425-453.
Haghi, F., PaIIini, S., DAIessio, M., & Barocco R. (2009). Attachment representations and time perspective in adolescence. Social indicators Research. 90. 181-194.
Harty, S. C., Miller, Carlin, J., Newcom, B., Jeffrey, H.,& Halperin, M.(2009). Adolescents with childhood ADHD and comorbid disruptive behavior disorder: Aggression, anger, and hostility. ChildPsychiatry and Human Development, 40, 1-20.
Hegvik, R. L., Mcdevitt, S.C.,& carey, W.B. (1995). Middle childhood Temperament Questionnaire. USA: Behavioral Development Initiatives.
Ivanova, K., Veenstra, R., & Mills, M. (2012). Who Dates? The Effects of Temperament, Puberty and parenting on Early Adolescent Experience with Dating: The TRAILS study. Journal of Early of Adolescence, 32(3), 340-363.
Jeong, H. H., & Oh, M. K. ( 2000). Children’s sensation seeking, maternalchildrearing behavior and children’s problem behavior. Korean Journal of Home Economics, 38(6), 171–83.
Joghin, c. (2003).Cognitive behavior therapy can be effective in managing behavioural problems and conduct disorder in preadolescence what works for children group, www, what works for children.org.uk.
Joussemet, M., Vitaro, F., Barker, E. D., Cote, S., Nagin, D. S., Zoccolillo, M., & Tremblay, R. E. (2008). Controlling parenting andPhysica aggression during elementary school. Child Development, 79, 411-425.
Kagan, J., Rezinch, J. S., Gibbons, J. (1989). Inhibited and unhibited Types of children. Child Development, 60, 838-845.
Karp, H . (2006). Greasing the squeaky wheel: A Gestalt perspective to problem behavior patterns. Gestalt Review, 10, 249-259.
Karreman, A., Hass, S. D., Tuijl, V., Aken, M. A. G., & Dekovice, M.(2010). Relafionamong temperament, parenting and problem behavior in govng children. Infant Behavior Development, 33, 39-19.
Keltikangas. J, L., P, S., Kivmaki, M., Elovainion, M., Pulkki. R, L., Koivu, M.,Rontu, R., & Lehtimak, T. (2008). The relation between Childhood temperament and adulthood hostility. Genes, Brain and Behavior,25, 7-26.
Kerns, K., A., Tomic, P.L., & kim, P. (2006). Normative trends in children's perceptions of availability and utilization of attachFigures in middIe childhood. SocialDevelopment, 15, 10-22.
Kochanska, G. (1995). Children's temperament, mother's discipline and securityof attachment : Multiple on self-regulation: A relationship-based path for emotionally negative infants. Child Development, 83, 1275-1289.
Khaleque, A., & Rohner, R. P. (2002). Perceived parental acceptance–rejection and psychological adjustment: A meta-analysis of crosscultural and intracultural studies. Journal of Marriage and Family,64, 54-64.
Khaleque, A., & Rohner, R. P. (2012). Pancaltural Associations Betweenpereeived parental Acceptance and psychological Adjustment of children and adults: A Meta-Analytic Review of Worldwide Research. Journal of Croos Cultural Psychology, 43 (5), 784-800.
Khaleque, A., & Rohner, R. p. (2012). Transnational Relations Between perceived parental Acceptance and personality Disposition of children and Adults: A Meta-Analytic Review. Journals Personality and SocialPsychology Review , 16(2), 103-115.
Kuppens, s., Grietens, H., onghena, P., & Michiels, D. (2009). Associations between parental control and children’s overt and relational aggression. British perPsychology, 27, 607-623.
Ladd, G., & Burgess, K. (1999). Charting the relationship trajectories of aggressive/non withdraw, and aggressive/ withdraw children during early grade school. Child Development, 10, 910- 929.
Lagi, f., Balocoo, R., Dalessio, M., & pallini, S. (2009). Attachment representations and time perspective adolescence. Social Indicators Research, 90, 181-194.
Lansford, J. E., Malone, P. S., Dodge, K. A., Chang, L., Chaudhary, N.,Tapanya, S., . . . ., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2010). Children’s perceptionsof maternal hostility as a mediator of the link between discipline and children’s adjustment in four countries. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 34, 452–461.
Lee, A. S. (2007). Young adults romantic relationships: a longitudinal study on the dynamics amang parental divorce relationships with mother and Father, and children's committed romanticrelationships. Unpublished. For the degrcc of doctor the university of Arizona.
Lee, E. H., Zhou, Q., Eisenberg, N., & wang, Y. (2012). Bidirectionalrelations between temperament and parenting styles in chines children. International journal of Behavioral Development, 37 (1), 57-67.
Lee, J. (2014). Temperament, parenting, and south Korean early adolescent's physical aggression: A Five-wave longitudinal analysis. Health Education Journal, 73(3), 313-323.
Liu, J. (2011). Early heath risk factors for violence: conceptualization, evidence, and implications.Aggression and Violbehave, 14, 63-73.
Loher, L. B., Teglusi, H.,& French, M. (2004). Schemas and temperament As risk Factors For emotional disability. Perspnality and Individual Differences, 36, 1637-1654.
Loeber, R., & Hay, D. F. (1997). Key issues in the development of aggression and violence from childhood to early adulthood. Annual Review ofPsychology, 48, 371–410.
Macniel, G. (2002). School ballying.Anoverview.Inl.Rapppaglicci,A. Roberts, 8 J.Wodarski (Eds). Handbook of violence. New York: Wiley.
Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1990). The quality of the toddier's relationship to Mother and to Father as related to confliet behavior and readiness to establish new relationsships. Journal of child development, 52, 932-940.
Matthys, W., & J, E. lochman. (2010). Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder in childhood. This edition First Published. John wiley & sons Ltd.
Minuchin, P. (1988). Relations ships within the Family: a system's Perspective on development. In R. A. hind and J. Stevenson – Hind (End), relationships within Families: Mutuad influences (pp. 7-26). Oxford university press.
Muris, P., vanderPennen, E., Sigmond, R., & Mayer, B. (2008). Symptoms of anxiety, depression, and aggression in nonclinical children: Relationships with self-report and performancebased measures of attention andeffortful control. Child Psychiatry Human Development, 39, 455–67.
Nelson, B., Martin, R. P., Hodge, S., and Kamphaus, R. (1999). Modeling the prediction temperament. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 687-700.
Nelson, D. A., & Coyne, S. M. (2009). Children’s intent attributions andfeelings of distress: Associations of maternal and paternal parentingpractices. Journal ofAbnormal Child Psychology, 37, 223–237.
Pagani, L.S. Tremblay, R.E, Nagin, D,Zoccolillo, M, Vitaro, f, & McDuff, P.(2004). Risk factor models for adolescentverbal and physical aggression toward mothers. International Journal of BehavioralDevelopment, 28 (6), 528-537.
Parmar, p., & Rohner, R. P. (2010). Acceptance and Behavioral Control, School Conduct, and Psychological Adjustment Among School-Going Adolescents in India. Cross Cultural Research,44(3), 253-268.
Peterson, G. R., & Rallins, M. (1987). The correlation of
family management practices and delinquency. Child Development, 55, 1299–1307.
Pedersen, W. (1994). Parental relations, mental health, and
delinquency in adolescents. Adolescence,29, 975-990.
Peets, K., & Kikas, E. (2006). Aggressive strategies and victimization during adolescence: Grade and gender differences and cross informant agreement. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 48-70
Porter, C. L., Hart, C. H., Yang, C., Robinson, C. C., Olsen, S. F., Zeng, Q., . . .& Jin, S. (2005). A comparative study of child temperamentand parenting in Beijing, China and the western United States. International Journal ofBehavioral Development, 29(6), 541–551.
Prior, M. (1992).Childhood temperament.Journal of childpsychology and psychiatry and Aliedpisciplines, 33, 249-279.
Pluess, M., & Belsky, J. (2010). Differential susceptibility to parentingand quality child care. Developmental Psychology, 46(2), 379–390.
Putnick, D. L., Bornstein, M. H., Lansford, J. E., Chang, L., Deater-Deckard, K., DiGiunta, L., . . . ., & Bombi, A. S. (2012). Agreementin mother and father acceptance-rejection, warmth, and hostility/rejection/neglect of children across nine countries. Cross CulturalResearch, 46, 191–223.
Ray, w. C., Stewart, J., & Freeman, A. (2007). Handbook of cognitive behavior group therapy with children and adolescents; Taylor & Francis Group: LLC – New york : London.
Raikes, H. A., & Thompson, R. A. (2005). Relationships past, present, and future: Reflections on attachment in middle Childhood, New York: Guilford press. 255-282.
Raine, A., Reynolds, C., Venables, P. H., Mednick, S. A., & Farrington, D.P. (1998) . Fearlessness, stimulation-seeking, and large body size at age 3 years as early predispositions to childhood aggression at age 11 years. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(8), 45–51.
Rohner, R. P. (1986). The warmth dimension: Foundations of parental acceptance–rejection theory. Storrs, CT: Rohner Research. (Original work published 1986)
Rohner, R. P. (2004). The parental acceptance rejection syndrome university correlates of perceived rejection.Journal of American psychologist, 59, 827-840.
Rohner, R. P. (2007). Handbook for the study of parental acceptans-rejection. USA: Rohner research publications.
Rohner, R. P., & Khaleque, A. (2008).Relations between perceived partner and parental acceptance. In J. K. Quinn & I. G. Zambini (Eds.), Family relations: 21 century issues andchallenges (pp. 197 -187 ). New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Perceived Tea and Parental.
Rohner , R. P., & Khaleque, A. (2010).Testing central postulates of parental acceptance-rejection (PAR Theory): A meta-analysis of cross culturalstudies. Journal of Family Theory 8 Review , 2, 73-87.
Rohner, R. P., Khaleque, A., & Cournoyer, D. E. (2011). Introductionto parental acceptance–rejection theory, methods, evidence, and implications. Retrieved from the University of Connecticut,Ronald andNancy Rohner Center for the Study of InterpersonalAcceptance and Rejection Website.
Roisman, G. I., Newman, D. A., Fraley, R. C., Haltigan, J. D., Groh, A. M., & Haydon, K. C. (2012). Distinguishing differential susceptibility from diathesis-stress: Recommendations for evaluating interaction effects. Development and Psychopathology,24, 389–409.
Rothbart, M. K., & Posner, M. I. (1995).Temperament, attention, and developmental psychopathology. To appear in D. Cicchetti (ed.), Handbook of developmental psychopathology. New York: Wiley.
Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (1998).Temperament. In w.pamon (ed.). Handbook of child psychology, New York: Wiley.
Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (2006). Temperament. In N . Eisenberg, W. Damon, & R. M. Lerner (eds). Handbook of child psychology: Vol, 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (6th. ed) ( pp. 99–166). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., & Evans, D. E. (2000). Temperament and personality: Origins and Outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 122–135.
Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W., & Parker, J.G. (1998). Peer interactions, relationships, and group. In: Damon W (Seriesed.), Eisenberg N (ed). Handbook of Child Psychology. Vol. 33. Social, Development, 5th edn. New York: Wiley, 619–70
Rutter, M. (1997). Protect factors: Independent or interactive? Letter to the editor. Journal of AmericanAcademy of Child Adolescence Psychiatry, 30, 151-155.
Sandstrom, M.J. (2007) .A link between mother’s disciplinary strategies and childrens relation aggression. British perpsychology, 25, 399-407.
Seifent, K. L., Houffnung, R. J., & Hoffnung, M. (1997). Life span development, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin.
Sentse, M., Lindenberg, S., Omvlee, A., Ormel, G., & Veenstra, R. (2010). Rejection and Acceptance Across Contexts: Parents and Peers as Risks and Buffers for Early Adolescent Psychopathology. The TRAILSStudy, 38, 119-130.
Shigto, a., Mangelsdorf , S. C., & Brown , G.L. (2014). Roles of Familcohesiveness, material adjustment,and child temperament in predicting child behavior with mothers and fathers. Journal of social and Personal Relationships, 31(2), 200—220.
Shahim, S. (2007). Relational aggression among preschoolers. Clin Psychiatry and psychology,13(3), 264-271. [Persian]
Shiner, R., & Caspi, A. (2003). Personality differences in childhood and adolescence: Measurement, development, and consequences. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 2-32.
Silver., R. (2007). The silver drawing test and draw a story. New York and London: Routledge.
Soenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2010). A theoretical upgrade of concept of psychological control: Proposing new insights on the basis of self-determination theory. Developmental Review, 30,74-79
Seo, M., & Kim, K. (2010). Types of changes in overt aggression and Their predictors in early adolescents: Growth mixture modeli Korean. Journal of ChildStudies, 31(3), 83–97
Stone, L. L., otteen, R., Janssens, M. A. M., soenens, B., kuntsche, E., & Engles, CR. M. E. (2013). Does parental psychological control relateto in ternalizing and externalizing problems in early childhood? An examination using the Berkeley puppet interview. International Behavioral Development, 37 (4), 309-319.
Trambelli, R., Laghi, F., odorsio, F, & Notari, V. (2012). Attachment relationships and InternaIizing and ExternaIizing problem among Italian adoIescence chidren andyouth service Review. 146-141.
Thomas, A., & Chess, s. (1977). Temperament and Development New York: Brunner / Mazel.
Trommsdorff, G. (2012). Development of agentic regulation incultural context: The role of self and world views. Child Development Perspectives, 6, 19–26.
Underwood, M. K., Beron, K. J., Gentsch, J. K., Galperin, M. B & Risser, S. D. (2008). Family correlates ofchildren’s social and physical aggression with peers: Negative inter parental conflit strategies and parenting styles. International Behavioral Development, 32, 549-562.
Valizadeh, S., Davaji, R. B. O., & Nikamal, M. ( 2010 ).The effectiveness of anger management skills training on reduction of aggression in adolescents. Procardia social and Behavioral sciences, 5, 1195 – 1199.
Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., & Tremblay, R. E. (2002). Reactively and Proactively aggression children: Antecedent and subsequent characteristics. Journal ofChild Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(4), 495–505.
Vitaro, F., Barker, E. D., Boivin, M., Brendgen, M., & Tremblay, R. E. (2006). Do early difficult temperament and harsh parenting differentially predict reactive and proactive aggression? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34(5), 685–95.
Volpe ,R., & Gadow, f. (2010 ). Creating abbreviated rating scales to monitorclassroom inattention over activity aggression and peer conflict : Reliability Validity and treatment sensitivity. school psychology Journal, 39, 350 – 363.
Watson, M. W., Fischer, K. W., & Andreas, J. B. (2004). Pathway to Aggression in children and adolescents. Harvard Educational Review, 74, 404–30.
Wachs, T. D. (1992). The Nature of Nature New bury Park, CA: sage.Psychology, 41, 355- 375.
Wilkowski, B., & Robinson, D. (2010). The Anatomy Of anger: An integrative congnitive model of trait anger and veactive aggression. Journal of personality, 78, 19-38.
Wills, T. A., sandy, J. M., Yaegar, A., & shinar, O. (2000). Temperament and early onset of substance: An epigenetic approach to risk and protection. Journal ofpersonality, 68, 1127-1159.
Xie, H., Farmer, T. w., & cairns, B. (2003). Different formis of aggression among innercity African-American children: Gender, Configurations,and school social Networks. Journal of school Psychology,41, 355-375.
Xinyin, CH., & Rubin, K. H. (1994). Family condition, Parental acceptance and social competence and aggression in chines children. Social Development,3(3), 269-290.
Xu, Y. Farver, J. A. M., & Zhang, Z. (2009). Temperament, harsh and indulgent parenting, and Chinese children’s proactive and reactive aggression. Child Development, 80(1), 244–58.
Yazdkhasti, F. & Harizuka, S. (2006). The effects of temperament and perceived maternal rejection and childhood anxiety and behavior problems.School psychology international,27 (1), 105-128.
Zimmermann, P. (2004). Attachment Representation nand
characteristics of Friendship relation during adoIesecnce. Journal of Experimental ChildPsychoIogy, 88, 83-101.
Zaalberg, A., Nijman, H., Stroosma, L., & Staak, C. (2010 ). Effects of nutritional supplements on aggression, rule – breaking and psychopathology among young adult prisoners. Aggressive Behavior Journal , 36 , 111 – 126.
Zhou, Q., Lengua, L. J., & Wang, Y. (2009). The relations of temperamentreactivity and effortful control to children’s adjustment problemsin China and the United States. Developmental Psychology, 45, 724–739.
Zhou, Q., Wang, Y., Eisenberg, N., Wolchik, S. A., & Tein, J. Y.(2008). Relations of parenting and temperament to Chinese children’sexperience of negative life events, coping efficacy, and externalizingproblems. Child Development, 79, 493–513.